[7,65] Αὕτη πρώτη κατ´ ἀνδρὸς πατρικίου πρόσκλησις εἰς τὸν δῆμον ἐγένετο ἐπὶ δίκῃ. καὶ ἀπ´ ἐκείνου τοῦ χρόνου τοῖς ὕστερον λαμβάνουσι τὴν τοῦ δήμου προστασίαν ἔθος κατέστη καλεῖν οὓς δόξειε τῶν πολιτῶν δίκην ὑφέξοντας ἐπὶ τοῦ δήμου· καὶ ἐνθένδε ἀρξάμενος ὁ δῆμος ἤρθη μέγας, ἡ δ´ ἀριστοκρατία πολλὰ τοῦ ἀρχαίου ἀξιώματος ἀπέβαλε βουλῆς τε μετέχειν ἐπιτρέπουσα τοῖς δημοτικοῖς καὶ ἀρχὰς μετιέναι συγχωροῦσα ἱερῶν τε προστασίας λαμβάνειν οὐ κωλύουσα καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα τιμιώτατα ἦν καὶ ἴδια τῶν πατρικίων μόνων ἅπασι κοινωσαμένη, τὰ μὲν ὑπ´ ἀνάγκης τε καὶ ἄκουσα, τὰ δ´ ἐκ προνοίας τε καὶ σοφίας, ὑπὲρ ὧν κατὰ τὸν οἰκεῖον καιρὸν ἐρῶ. τοῦτο μέντοι τὸ ἔθος, {λέγω δὲ} τὸ καλεῖσθαι τοὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει δυναστεύοντας ἐπὶ δίκην, ἧς ὁ δῆμος ἐγίνετο κύριος, πολλὰς ἂν παράσχοι λόγων ἀφορμὰς τοῖς ἐπαινεῖν αὐτὸ βουλομένοις ἢ ψέγειν. πολλοὶ μὲν γὰρ ἤδη καλοὶ καὶ ἀγαθοὶ ἄνδρες οὐκ ἄξια τῆς ἀρετῆς ἔπαθον, αἰσχρῶς καὶ κακῶς τὰς ψυχὰς ὑπὸ τῶν δημάρχων ἀφαιρεθέντες· πολλοὶ δ´ αὐθάδεις καὶ τυραννικοὶ τοὺς τρόπους λόγον ἀναγκασθέντες ὑποσχεῖν τοῦ βίου καὶ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων δίκας τὰς προσηκούσας ἔδοσαν. ὁπότε μὲν οὖν ἀπὸ τοῦ κρατίστου γένοιντο αἱ διαγνώσεις, καὶ καθαιρεθείη τὰ τῶν μεγάλων αὐχήματα σὺν δίκῃ, μέγα τι καὶ θαυμαστὸν ἐφαίνετο εἶναι χρῆμα καὶ ὑπὸ πάντων ἐπῃνεῖτο, ὁπότε δ´ ἀρετὴ φθονηθεῖσα ἀνδρὸς τὰ κοινὰ εὖ διοικοῦντος ἀδίκως ἀναιρεθείη, δεινόν τι τοῖς ἄλλοις κατεφαίνετο, καὶ οἱ τοῦ ἔθους ἄρξαντες κατηγοροῦντο. πολλάκις τε βουλευσάμενοι οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι, πότερα χρὴ καταλῦσαι αὐτὸ ἢ φυλάττειν, οἷον παρὰ τῶν προγόνων παρέλαβον, οὐθὲν ἐπέθηκαν τῇ βουλῇ πέρας. εἰ δὲ δεῖ καὶ αὐτὸν ἀποφήνασθαι περὶ τηλικούτων πραγμάτων γνώμην, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ τὸ μὲν ἔθος αὐτὸ καθ´ ἑαυτὸ ἐξεταζόμενον χρήσιμον εἶναι καὶ πόλει τῇ Ῥωμαίων ἀναγκαιότατον, κρεῖττον δὲ καὶ χεῖρον γίνεσθαι παρὰ τοὺς τῶν δημάρχων τρόπους. ὅταν μὲν γὰρ τύχωσι τῆς ἐξουσίας ταύτης ἄνδρες δίκαιοι καὶ σώφρονες καὶ τὰ κοινὰ ἀναγκαιότερα τῶν ἰδίων τιθέμενοι, ὁ μὲν ἀδικῶν τὰ κοινὰ τιμωρίαν δούς, ἣν προσῆκε, πολὺ δέος τοῖς ὅμοια παρεσκευασμένοις δρᾶν ἐνειργάσατο, ὁ δ´ ἀγαθὸς καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ κρατίστου πρὸς τὰ κοινὰ παριὼν οὔτε δίκην ἀσχήμονα ὑπέσχεν οὔτ´ εἰς αἰτίας ἀλλοτρίους τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων κατέστη. ὅταν δὲ πονηροὶ καὶ ἀκόλαστοι καὶ φιλοκερδεῖς ἄνθρωποι τηλικαύτης ἐξουσίας τύχωσι, τἀναντία τούτων γίνεται. ὥστ´ οὐ τὸ ἔθος ἐπανορθοῦσθαι προσῆκεν ὡς ἡμαρτημένον, ἀλλὰ σκοπεῖν, ὅπως ἄνδρες καλοὶ καὶ ἀγαθοὶ τοῦ δήμου γενήσονται προστάται καὶ μὴ τοῖς τυχοῦσι τὰ μέγιστα εἰκῆ ἐπιτραπήσεται.

[7,65] (p341) This was the first summoning of a patrician before the tribunal of the plebeians; and from this time it became customary for those who afterwards assumed the patronship of the people to summon to stand trial before the people any of the citizens they thought fit. From this beginning the people rose to great power, while the aristocracy lost much of its ancient dignity by admitting the plebeians into the senate and allowing them to stand as candidates for magistracies, by not opposing their presiding over sacrifices, and by sharing with all the citizens the other privileges that were most highly prized and had been the special prerogatives of the patricians, some of which concessions they made because of necessity and against their will, and others through foresight and wisdom; but of these matters I shall speak at the proper time. However, this custom of summoning the men of power at Rome to a trial where the populace were always in control, would afford rich material for comment to those who are disposed either to commend or to blame it. For many good and worthy men have already been treated in a manner unworthy of their merits and have been put to a shameful and miserable death at the instigation of the tribunes, while many men of arrogant and tyrannical dispositions, being compelled to give an (p343) accounting of their lives and conduct, have suffered the punishment they deserved. Whenever these verdicts were rendered with the best motives and the pride of the mighty was justly humbled, this institution appeared a great and admirable thing, and met with general praise, but when a virtuous and able statesman incurred hatred and was unjustly done away with, the rest of the world was shocked at the institution and the authors of it were condemned. the Romans have often deliberated whether they should repeal this institution or preserve it as they received it from their ancestors, but have never come to any final decision. If I am to express an opinion myself concerning matters of so great moment, I believe that the institution, considered by itself, is advantageous, and absolutely necessary to the Roman commonwealth, but that it becomes better or worse according to the character of the tribunes. For when this power falls into the hands of just and prudent men, who prefer the interest of the public to their own, the punishing as he deserves of one who has injured his country strikes terror into the minds of all who are prepared to mankind similar offences, while the good man who enters public life with the best intentions neither incurs the disgrace of being brother to trial nor is accused of wrongdoing inconsistent with his habits. But when wicked, intemperate and avaricious men gain so great power, the contrary of all this happens. Hence, instead of reforming the institution as faulty, they ought to consider by what means good and worthy men may become protectors of the people, and (p345) positions of the greatest importance may not be conferred at random on the first who chance to turn up.