[202] Τοῦτο μὲν δὴ τὴν Περσῶν ἀρχὴν σκεψώμεθα, ἣ πάνυ ποτὲ ἐν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐβεβόητο, καὶ μέγαν παρέσχετο ἐπώνυμον καλεῖσθαι τὸν ἔχοντα αὐτὴν βασιλέα—τὰς γὰρ πρὸ αὐτῆς φαυλοτέρας οὔσας ἐάσω· —καὶ πάντα ἴδωμεν ἑξῆς, τό τε μέγεθος καὶ τὰ γιγνόμενα ἐπ´ αὐτῆς. δεῖ γὰρ οὖν καὶ τοῦτο συνεξετάζειν, ὅπως αὐτοί τε ἀπέλαυον ὧν ἐκέκτηντο καὶ τοὺς ἀρχομένους παρεσκεύαζον. πρῶτον μὲν τοίνυν, ὅπερ νῦν ὑμῖν τὸ Ἀτλαντικὸν πέλαγος δύναται, τοῦτ´ ἦν ἁπλῶς τότε τῷ βασιλεῖ θάλαττα· ἐνταῦθα ὡρίζετο αὐτῷ ἡ ἀρχὴ, ὥστε Ἴωνας καὶ Αἰολέας ἐν πέρασι γῆς εἶναι τῆς ἐκείνου. εἰς δέ γε τὴν Ἑλλάδα διαβῆναί ποτε ἐπιχειρήσας ὁ τῶν ἀπὸ ἡλίου ἀνίσχοντος μέχρι δυομένου βασιλεὺς τοσοῦτον ἐθαυμάσθη, ὅσον μεγάλως ἠτύχησε· καὶ τοῦτο ἐπίδειγμα ἐποιήσατο τῆς αὑτοῦ λαμπρότητος, ὅτι πολλῶν καὶ μεγάλων ἔσχε στερηθῆναι. ὁ δὴ τῆς μὲν Ἑλλάδος τοσοῦτον ἀποσχὼν τοῦ κρατῆσαι, Ἰωνίαν δὲ ἔχων ἐν ἐσχατιαῖς, ἦ που οὐκ εἰς δίσκου φορὰν λέλειπται τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀρχῆς, ἢ ὅσον τόξευμα ἐξικνεῖται, ἀλλὰ τῷ ἡμίσει παντὶ τῆς οἰκουμένης, καὶ πρὸς αὐτῇ τῇ θαλάττῃ. οὐ τοίνυν οὐδὲ μέχρι τούτων τῶν ὅρων ἐκεῖνός γε κυρίως ἀεὶ βασιλεὺς, ἀλλ´ ὅπως ἢ Ἀθηναῖοι δυνάμεως, ἢ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἔχοιεν τύχης, νῦν μὲν ἕως Ἰώνων καὶ Αἰολέων καὶ θαλάττης βασιλεὺς, πάλιν δὲ οὐκέτι Ἰώνων, οὐδὲ ἕως θαλάττης, ἀλλ´ ἄχρι Λυδῶν, οὐχ ὁρῶν θάλατταν ἐκ τῶν πρὸς ἑσπέραν Κυανέων, ἀτεχνῶς ὥσπερ ἐν παίδων παιδιᾷ βασιλεὺς ὢν, ἄνω μένων, πάλιν κατιὼν, τῶν συγχωρησόντων βασιλεύειν δεόμενος. ἐδήλωσε δὲ ἡ σὺν Ἀγησιλάῳ δύναμις καὶ πρὸ ἐκείνου ἡ τῶν σὺν Κλεάρχῳ μυρίων, ἡ μὲν ἕως Φρυγίας ὡς δι´ οἰκείας διελθοῦσα, ἡ δὲ ὑπὲρ τὸν Εὐφράτην ὡς δι´ ἐρημίας ἀφικομένη. ἅ γε μὴν ἀπέλαυον τῆς ἀρχῆς κατὰ τὴν Οἰβάρου σοφίαν, ὃς πρῶτος εἰπεῖν λέγεται Κύρῳ δυσχεραίνοντι τὴν πολλὴν πλάνην

[202] Let us consider the Persian empire, which was once highly extolled among the Greeks and accorded to its ruler the title of Great King. (Earlier empires were less important; I shall leave them out.) Let us visualize everything in order — the size of that empire, and what went on in it. Our comparison must show what use the Persians made of their acquisitions, and how they handled their subjects. First, the Mediterranean was then to their king just what the Atlantic Ocean now signifies to you. There was the boundary of his empire, so that the Ionians and Aeolians were at the edge of his territory. And when he, the king of all peoples "from East to West," tried once to cross over into Greece, the amazement he produced was equalled by the vastness of his down-fall. He showed off his splendor by the vast scale of his losses. Now the king who was so far from conquering Greece and held Ionia as a borderland falls short of your power not by a mere discus-throw or bow-shot, but by a good half of the earth, and the sea besides. Yet even within those boundaries he was not always really king. As the strength of Athens or the fortunes of Lacedaemon fluctuated, his kingdom would sometimes extend to Ionia, Aeolis, and the sea; later he would lose Ionia and the sea-frontier, and rule as far as Lydia, unable to look westward to the sea from the Blue Rocks. Just as in a children's game, he was king and stayed inland; then he would come down and beg people to let him rule. This was proved by the army of Agesilaus, which marched to Phrygia as if on home-ground, and before that by the Ten Thousand under Clearchus, who penetrated beyond the Euphrates as if on vacant ground. What the Persian kings got out of their empire was wittily expressed first by Oebares. When Cyrus complained of being too much on the move, Oebares is said to have replied,