[13,25] ὥσπερ οὖν εἰ δύο ἀνθρώπω παλαίειν οὐκ εἰδότε παλαίοιεν, ὅ γε ἕτερος καταβάλοι ἂν ἐνίοτε τὸν ἕτερον, οὐ δι´ ἐμπειρίαν, ἀλλὰ διά τινα τύχην, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ δὶς ἐφεξῆς ὁ αὐτός, οὕτως καὶ Ἀθηναίοις Πέρσαι συμβαλόντες, τοτὲ μὲν Ἀθηναῖοι περιῆσαν, τοτὲ δὲ Πέρσαι, ὥσπερ ὕστερον, ὅτε καὶ τὰ τείχη τῆς πόλεως κατέβαλον μετὰ Λακεδαιμονίων (26) πολεμοῦντες. ἐπεὶ ἔχοις ἄν μοι εἰπεῖν εἰ τότε Ἀθηναῖοι ἀμουσότεροι καὶ ἀγραμματώτεροι γεγόνεσαν; ἔπειτα αὖθις ἐπὶ Κόνωνος, ὅτε ἐνίκησαν τῇ ναυμαχίᾳ τῇ περὶ Κνίδον, ἄμεινον ἐπάλαιον καὶ ᾖδον; οὕτως οὖν ἀπέφαινεν αὐτοὺς οὐδεμιᾶς παιδείας χρηστῆς τυγχάνοντας. {τοῦτο δὲ οὐ μόνον Ἀθηναίοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ σχεδόν τι πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις καὶ πρότερον καὶ νῦν συμβέβηκεν.} (27) καὶ μὴν τό γε ἀπαίδευτον εἶναι καὶ μηδὲν ἐπιστάμενον ὧν χρὴ μηδὲ ἱκανῶς παρεσκευασμένον πρὸς τὸν βίον ζῆν τε καὶ πράττειν ἐπιχειρεῖν οὕτως μεγάλα πράγματα μηδὲ αὐτοὺς ἐκείνους ἀρέσκειν· τοὺς γὰρ ἀμαθεῖς καὶ ἀπαιδεύτους ψέγειν αὐτοὺς ὡς οὐ δυναμένους ζῆν ὀρθῶς· εἶναι δὲ ἀμαθεῖς οὐχὶ τοὺς ὑφαίνειν ἢ σκυτοτομεῖν μὴ ἐπισταμένους οὐδὲ τοὺς ὀρχεῖσθαι οὐκ εἰδότας, ἀλλὰ τοὺς (28) ἀγνοοῦντας ἃ ἔστιν εἰδότα καλὸν καὶ ἀγαθὸν ἄνδρα εἶναι. καὶ οὕτως δὴ παρεκάλει πρὸς τὸ ἐπιμελεῖσθαι καὶ προσέχειν αὑτῷ τὸν νοῦν {καὶ φιλοσοφεῖν}· ᾔδει γὰρ ὅτι τοῦτο ζητοῦντες οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιήσουσιν ἢ φιλοσοφήσουσι. τὸ γὰρ ζητεῖν καὶ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι ὅπως τις ἔσται καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς οὐκ ἄλλο τι εἶναι ἢ {τὸ} φιλοσοφεῖν. οὐ μέντοι πολλάκις οὕτως ὠνόμαζεν, ἀλλὰ μόνον ζητεῖν ἐκέλευεν ὅπως ἄνδρες ἀγαθοὶ ἔσονται. (29) πρός τε οὖν τοὺς ἄλλους σχεδόν τι ταῦτα διελεγόμην ἀρχαῖα καὶ φαῦλα, καὶ ἐπειδὴ οὐκ εἴων ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Ῥώμῃ γενόμενον ἡσυχίαν ἄγειν, ἴδιον μὲν οὐδένα ἐτόλμων διαλέγεσθαι λόγον, μὴ καταγελασθῶ τε καὶ ἀνόητος δόξω φοβούμενος, ἅτε συνειδὼς αὑτῷ πολλὴν ἀρχαιότητα καὶ ἀμαθίαν· ἐνεθυμούμην δέ, φέρε, ἂν μιμούμενος τοιούτους τινὰς διαλέγωμαι λόγους περὶ τῶν θαυμαζομένων παρ´ αὐτοῖς, ὡς οὐδέν ἐστιν αὐτῶν ἀγαθόν, καὶ περὶ τρυφῆς καὶ ἀκολασίας, καὶ ὅτι παιδείας πολλῆς καὶ ἀγαθῆς δέονται, τυχὸν οὐ καταγελάσουσί μου ταῦτα λέγοντος οὐδὲ φήσουσιν ἀνόητον·

[13,25] Hence, just as if two men quite ignorant of wrestling were to wrestle together, one of them would sometimes throw the other, not because of his greater experience but by mere chance, and often the same man would even throw his opponent twice in succession ; so too, when the Persians clashed with the Athenians, at one time the Athenians prevailed and at another time the Persians, as at a later time, when they were fighting the Athenians with the aid of the Lacedaemonians, they even tore clown the walls of their city. Yet would you be able to assert to me that at that time the Athenians had become less cultivated and more illiterate ? Afterwards, again, in the time of Conon, when they won the naval engagement off Cnidos, were they more skilful at wrestling and singing odes ? This is the way, then, in which he would demonstrate that they were not receiving a useful education. And this, he said, had been the experience, not alone of the Athenians, but of practically all mankind, both in the past and in the present age. (27) "Furthermore," he would go on to say, "to be uneducated and to know none of the essential things, and to have no adequate preparation for life, and yet to go on living and to attempt while in that condition to carry on important matters of state - this cannot satisfy even the persons themselves ; for they themselves criticize the ignorant and uneducated as not being able to live aright. And by the ignorant I mean, not those who do not know how to weave or how to make shoes, nor the people who cannot dance, but those who are ignorant of the things which one must know if he is to be a good and noble man." (28) And speaking in this manner he would exhort his hearers to take care to give heed to his words, and to pursue philosophy ; for he knew that if they sought that which he recommended, they would be doing nothing else than studying philosophy. For if a man strives earnestly to be good and honourable, that is nothing but being a philosopher. However, he did not often use that word for it, but merely bade them to seek to be good men. (29) Now to my hearers I used to say practically the same things as Socrates did, things old-fashioned and trite though they were, and when they refused to leave me in peace even on reaching Rome itself, I did not venture to speak any word of my own, fearing lest I be laughed at and regarded as a fool, since I was well aware how completely old-fashioned and ignorant I was ; and I said to myself : "Come now, if I, copying the words of another, use such derogatory words about things which are highly regarded at Rome here, and tell them that not one of these things is a good, if I speak of luxury and intemperance, and tell them that what they need is a thorough and sound education, perhaps they will not laugh at me for uttering such sentiments nor declare that I am a fool.