[20,2] Ἐπεὶ δὲ τὰ σημεῖα τῆς μάχης ἀνεδείχθη, παιανίσαντες οἱ στρατιῶται καὶ τῷ Ἐνυαλίῳ ἀλαλάξαντες ἐχώρουν ὁμόσε καὶ συμπεσόντες ἐμάχοντο πᾶσαν ἀποδεικνύμενοι τὴν ἐνόπλιον ἐπιστήμην. οἱ μὲν ἱππεῖς οἱ παρὰ ἀμφότερα τεταγμένοι τὰ κέρατα προειδότες, ἐν οἷς ἐπλεονέκτουν αὐτοὶ τῶν πολεμίων, εἰς ταῦτα κατέφευγον, Ῥωμαῖοι μὲν εἰς τὴν ἐκ χειρὸς καὶ σταδιαίαν μάχην, τὸ δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἱππικὸν εἰς τὰς περιελάσεις καὶ τοὺς ἐξελιγμούς· καὶ οἱ μὲν ὁπότε διώκοιντο ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων, ἐπιστρέψαντες τοὺς ἵππους καὶ τοὺς χαλινοὺς κατασχόντες ἐπεζομάχουν, οἱ δὲ ὁπότε τοὺς Ῥωμαίους μάθοιεν εἰς ἀντίπαλα καθισταμένους, ἐπὶ δόρυ κλίναντες καὶ δι´ ἀλλήλων ἐξελίξαντες περιεδίνουν τοὺς ἵππους αὖθις ἐπὶ τὸ μέτωπον καὶ τὰ κέντρα προσβαλόντες ἐχώρουν ὁμόσε. ἡ μὲν οὖν δὴ τῶν ἱππέων μάχη τοιαύτη τις ἦν, ἡ δὲ τῶν πεζῶν τῇ μὲν ἐμφερὴς ἐκείνῃ, τῇ δὲ διάφορος. ἐμφερὴς μὲν κατὰ τὸ σύμπαν, διάφορος δὲ κατὰ τὰ μέρη. τὸ μὲν γὰρ δεξιὸν κέρας ἐπιρρεπέστερον ὑπῆρχεν ἑκατέροις, τὸ δ´ ἀριστερὸν ὑποδεέστερον. οὐ μέντοι σὺν τῷ ἀσχήμονι τὰ νῶτα τοῖς πολεμίοις ἐνέκλιναν οὐδέτεροι, ἀλλὰ σὺν κόσμῳ καὶ παρὰ ταῖς σημείαις μένοντες ἑκάτεροι καὶ τὴν προβολὴν φυλάττοντες κατὰ μικρὸν ὑπεχώρουν ὀπίσω. οἱ δὲ ἀριστεύσαντες ἦσαν ἐκ μὲν τῆς βασιλικῆς στρατιᾶς Μακεδόνες—οὗτοι γὰρ ἀνέστειλαν τὸ πρῶτον τῶν Ῥωμαίων στρατόπεδον καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτοῖς ταχθέντας Λατίνους—ἐκ δὲ τῆς Ῥωμαικῆς οἱ συνελθόντες εἰς τὸ δεύτερον τάγμα Μολοττοῖς καὶ Θεσπρωτοῖς καὶ Χάοσιν ἐναντίοι. κελεύσαντος δὲ τοῦ βασιλέως τοὺς ἐλέφαντας ἐπὶ τὸ κάμνον τῆς στρατιᾶς ἄγειν, μαθόντες τὴν ἔφοδον τῶν θηρίων οἱ ταῖς κεραιοφόροις ἐπιβεβηκότες ἁμάξαις ἤλαυνον ὁμόσε. οὗτοι τὸ μὲν πρῶτον ἐπέσχον τῆς ὁρμῆς τὰ θηρία, παίοντες ταῖς μηχαναῖς καὶ τὰς πυρφόρους χεῖρας ἐς τὰς ὄψεις αὐτῶν ἐντρέποντες. ἔπειτα οὐκέτι προσαγόντων τὰ θηρία τῶν ἐφεστηκότων τοῖς πύργοις, ἀλλὰ ταῖς λόγχαις βαλλόντων ἄνωθεν καὶ τῶν ψιλῶν διακοπτόντων τὰ περικείμενα γέρρα ταῖς ἁμάξαις καὶ νευροτομούντων τοὺς βόας {καὶ} καταπηδῶντες ἀπὸ τῶν ὀχημάτων οἱ πρὸς ταῖς μηχαναῖς κατέφευγον εἰς τοὺς ἔγγιστα πεζοὺς καὶ πολλὴν παρεῖχον αὐτοῖς ταραχήν. οἱ δὲ ἐν μέσῃ τῇ βασιλικῇ φάλαγγι ταχθέντες Λευκανοὶ καὶ Βρέττιοι χρόνον οὐ πολὺν ἀγωνισάμενοι τρέπονται πρὸς φυγὴν ὑπὸ τοῦ τετάρτου Ῥωμαικοῦ τάγματος ἀνασταλέντες. ὡς δὲ ἅπαξ ἐνέκλιναν οὗτοι, καὶ διερράγη τὸ κατ´ αὐτοὺς μέρος τῆς φάλαγγος, οὐδὲ οἱ τὴν πλησίον αὐτῶν λαβόντες στάσιν Ταραντῖνοι παρέμενον, ἀλλὰ ἐντρέψαντες κἀκεῖνοι τὰ νῶτα τοῖς πολεμίοις ἔφευγον.

[20,2] When the signals for battle were hoisted, the soldiers first chanted their war songs, and then, (p393) raising the battle-cry to Enyalius, advanced to the fray, engaged and fought, displaying all their skill in arms. The cavalry stationed upon both wings, knowing beforehand in what tactics they had the advantage over the enemy, resorted to those tactics, the Romans to a hand-to-hand, stationary combat, and the Greek horse to flanking and deploying manoeuvres. 2 The Romans, when they were pursued by the Greeks, would wheel their horses about, and checking them with the reins, would fight an infantry battle; the Greeks, when they perceived that the Romans were their equals in combat, would swerve to the right and countermarching past one another, would whirl about their horses once more to face forward, and applying the spurs, would charge the enemy's ranks. 3 Such was the character of the cavalry battle. The fighting of the infantry was in some respects similar to it, in other ways different; it was similar on the whole, but different in details. For the right wing of each army was the stronger one, the left being weaker. Nevertheless, neither side turned its back ignominiously to the foe, but both maintained good order, remaining with the standards and protecting themselves with their shields while gradually falling back. 4 Those who distinguished themselves for valour were, on the king's side, the Macedonians, who repulsed the first Roman legion and the Latins arrayed with it; and, on the Roman side, those who constituted the second legion and were opposed to the Molossians, Thesprotians (p395) and Chaonians. When the king had ordered the elephants seem to be led up to the part of the line that was in difficulties, the Romans mounted on the pole-bearing waggons, upon learning of the approach of the beasts, drove to meet them. 5 At first they checked the onrush of the beasts, smiting them with their engines and turning the fire-bearing grapnels into their eyes. Then, when the men stationed in their towers no longer drove the beasts forward, but hurled their spears down from above, and the light-armed troops cut through the wattled screens surrounding the waggons and hamstrung the oxen, the men at the machines, leaping down from their cars, fled for refuge to the nearest infantry and caused great confusion among them. 6 The Lucanians and Bruttians arrayed in the middle of the king's battle-line, after fighting for no great while, turned to flight when repulsed by the fourth3 Roman legion. When once these gave way and their part of the line was broken through, the Tarentines also, who had their station next to them, did not remain, but they too turned their backs to the enemy and fled.