[20,0] LIVRE XX (fragments).

[20,0] Excerpts from Book XX.

[20,1] Συνθέμενοι δὲ διὰ κηρύκων τὸν χρόνον, ἐν ᾧ διαγωνιοῦνται, κατέβαινον ἐκ τῶν στρατοπέδων καὶ εἰς τάξιν καθίσταντο τοιάνδε· βασιλεὺς μὲν Πύρρος τὴν Μακεδονικὴν φάλαγγα πρώτην ἔταξεν ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρατος καὶ μετ´ αὐτὴν τοὺς ἐκ τοῦ Τάραντος μισθοφόρους Ἰταλιώτας. ἔπειτα τοὺς ἐξ Ἀμπρακίας καὶ μετ´ αὐτοὺς τὴν Ταραντίνων λεύκασπιν φάλαγγα, ἑξῆς δὲ τὸ Βρεττίων καὶ Λευκανῶν συμμαχικόν. ἐπὶ μέσης δὲ τῆς φάλαγγος Θεσπρωτούς τε καὶ Χάονας, τούτοις δὲ συνεχεῖς τοὺς Αἰτωλῶν καὶ Ἀκαρνάνων καὶ Ἀθαμάνων μισθοφόρους, τελευταίους δὲ Σαυνίτας τὸ λαιὸν ἐκπληροῦντας κέρας. τῆς δὲ ἵππου τὴν μὲν Σαυνῖτιν καὶ Θετταλικὴν καὶ Βρεττίαν καὶ τὴν ἐκ τοῦ Τάραντος μισθοφόρον ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρατος ἔστησεν, τὴν δὲ Ἀμπρακιῶτιν καὶ Λευκανὴν καὶ Ταραντίνην καὶ τὴν Ἑλληνικὴν μισθοφόρον, ἣν ἐξεπλήρουν Ἀκαρνᾶνές τε καὶ Αἰτωλοὶ καὶ Μακεδόνες καὶ Ἀθαμᾶνες ἐπὶ τοῦ λαιοῦ. τοὺς δὲ ψιλοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἐλέφαντας διχῇ νείμας ἀμφοτέρων κατόπιν ἔστησε τῶν κεράτων, σύμμετρόν τι χωρίον ἀφεστῶτας ὀλίγον ἐπανεστηκὸς τοῦ πεδίου. αὐτὸς δὲ τὸ καλούμενον βασιλικὸν ἄγημα τῶν ἐπιλέκτων ἱππέων ὁμοῦ τι δισχιλίων περὶ αὑτὸν ἔχων ἐκτὸς ἦν τάξεως, ὥστε {εἶναι} τοῖς κάμνουσιν αἰεὶ τῶν σφετέρων ἐξ ἑτοίμου παρεῖναι. Οἱ δὲ ὕπατοι κατὰ μὲν τὸ λαιὸν κέρας ἔστησαν τάγμα τὸ καλούμενον πρῶτον ἐναντίον τῇ Μακεδονικῇ καὶ Ἀμπρακιωτικῇ φάλαγγι καὶ τοῖς μισθοφόροις τῶν Ταραντίνων. ἑπόμενον δὲ τῷ πρώτῳ τάγματι τὸ τρίτον, καθ´ ὃ μέρος ἡ λεύκασπις ἦν τῶν Ταραντίνων φάλαγξ καὶ τὸ Βρεττίων καὶ τὸ Λευκανῶν συμμαχικόν. συναφὲς δὲ τῷ τρίτῳ τὸ τέταρτον ἔστησαν κατὰ τοὺς Μολοττούς τε καὶ Χάονας καὶ Θεσπρωτούς· τὸ δὲ δεύτερον ἐπὶ τοῦ δεξιοῦ κέρως ἐναντίον τοῖς μισθοφόροις τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς Ἑλλάδος Αἰτωλοῖς καὶ Ἀκαρνᾶσι καὶ Ἀθαμᾶσι καὶ τῇ Σαυνιτῶν θυρεαφόρῳ φάλαγγι. Λατίνους δὲ καὶ Καμπανοὺς καὶ Σαβίνους καὶ Ὀμβρικοὺς καὶ Οὐολούσκους καὶ Μαρουγκίνους καὶ Πελίγνους καὶ Φρεντανοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους ὑπηκόους, εἰς τέτταρα διελόντες μέρη, τοῖς Ῥωμαικοῖς παρενέβαλον τάγμασιν, ἵνα μηδὲν αὐτοῖς ἀσθενὲς εἴη μέρος. τὴν δὲ ἵππον τήν 〈τ´〉 οἰκείαν καὶ τὴν συμμαχικὴν διελόντες ἐπ´ ἀμφοτέρων ἔταξαν τῶν κεράτων. ἐκτὸς δὲ τάξεως τούς τε ψιλοὺς κατέστησαν καὶ τὰς ἁμάξας τριακοσίας τὸν ἀριθμόν, ἃς παρεσκευάσαντο πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἐλεφάντων μάχην. αὗται κεραίας εἶχον ἐπιβεβηκυίας στώμιξιν ὀρθαῖς πλαγίας, εὐτρόχους, ὅπη βουληθείη τις ἅμα νοήματι περιάγεσθαι δυναμένας, ἐπ´ ἄκρων δὲ τῶν κεραιῶν ἢ τριόδοντες ἦσαν ἢ κέστροι μαχαιροειδεῖς ἢ δρέπανα ὁλοσίδηρα, ἢ καταρράκτας τινὰς ἐπιρριπτοῦντας ἄνωθεν βαρεῖς κόρακας. πολλαῖς δ´ αὐτῶν χεῖρες προσήρτηντο πυρφόροι στυππία πολλῇ πίττῃ λελιπασμένα περὶ αὑτὰς ἔχουσαι, προεκκείμεναι τῶν ἁμαξῶν, αἷς ἔμελλον ἑστηκότες ἐπ´ αὐτῶν τινες, ὅτε πλησίον γένοιντο τῶν θηρίων, πλήσαντες πυρὸς ἐπὶ τὰς προβοσκίδας αὐτῶν καὶ τὰ πρόσωπα τὰς πληγὰς φέρειν. ἐφεστήκεσαν δὲ ταῖς ἁμάξαις τετρακύκλοις ὑπαρχούσαις καὶ τῶν ψιλῶν συχνοὶ τοξόται καὶ χερμάται καὶ τριβόλων σιδηρῶν σφενδονῆται καὶ παρ´ αὐτὰς κάτωθεν ἔτι πλείους ἕτεροι. Τάξις μὲν αὕτη τῶν στρατευσάντων ἦν ἀμφοτέρων, ἀριθμὸς δὲ τοῦ βασιλικοῦ μυριάδες ἑπτὰ πεζῶν, ἐν οἷς Ἕλληνες οἱ τὸν Ἰόνιον κόλπον διαπεράσαντες ἐπὶ μυρίοις ἦσαν ἑξακισχίλιοι· τοῦ δὲ Ῥωμαικοῦ πλείους τῶν ἑπτὰ μυριάδων· ἐξ αὐτῆς μέντοι τῆς Ῥώμης ὁμοῦ 〈τι〉 δισμύριοι. ἱππεῖς δὲ παρεγένοντο Ῥωμαίοις μὲν ἀμφὶ τοὺς ὀκτακισχιλίους, Πύρρῳ δὲ μικρῷ πλείους καὶ θηρία ἑνὸς δέοντα εἴκοσι.

[20,1] Having agreed through heralds upon the time when they would join in battle, they descended from their camps and took up their positions as follows: King Pyrrhus gave the Macedonian phalanx the first place on the right wing and placed next to it the Italiot mercenaries from Tarentum; 2 then the troops from Ambracia and after them the phalanx of Tarentines equipped with white shields, forced by the allied force of Bruttians and Lucanians; in the middle of the battle-line he stationed the Thesprotians and Chaonians; next to them the mercenaries of the Aetolians, Acarnanians and Athamanians, and finally the Samnites, who constituted the left wing. 3 Of the horse, he stationed the Samnite, Thessalian and Bruttian squadrons and the Tarentine mercenary force upon the right wing, and the Ambraciot, Lucanian and Tarentine squadrons and the Greek mercenaries, consisting of Acarnanians, Aetolians, Macedonians and Athamanians, on the left. 4 The (p389) light-armed troops and the elephants he divided into two groups and placed them behind both wings, at a reasonable distance, in a position slightly elevated above the plain. He himself, surrounded by the royal agema, as it was called, of picked horsemen, about two thousand in number, was outs the battle-line, so as to aid promptly any of his troops in turn that might be hard pressed. The consuls arrayed on their left wing the legion called the first, facing the Macedonian and Ambraciot phalanx and the Tarentine mercenaries, and, next to the first legion, the third, over against the Tarentine phalanx with its white shields and the Bruttian and Lucanian allied forces; 5 adjoining the third army they placed the fourth, facing the Molossians, Chaonians and Thesprotians; and the second on the right wing opposite the mercenaries from Greece — the Aetolians, Acarnanians and Athamanians — and the Samnite phalanx that was equipped with oblong shields. The Latins, Campanians, substitutes, Umbrians, Volscians, Marrucini, Peligni, Ferentani, and their other subjects they divided into four divisions and mingled them with the Roman legions, in order that no part of their lines might be weak. 6 And dividing the cavalry, both their own and that of their allies, they placed it on both wings. Outside the line they stationed the light-armed troops and the waggons, three hundred in number, which they had got ready (p391) for the battle against the elephants. These waggons had upright beams on which were mounted movable traverse poles that could be swung round as quick as thought in any direction one might wish, and on the ends of the poles there were either tridents or swordlike spikes or scythes all of iron; or again they had cranes that hurled down heavy grappling-irons. 7 Many of the poles had attached to them and projecting in front of the waggons fire-bearing grapnels wrapped in tow that had been liberally daubed with pitch, which men standing on the waggons were to set afire as soon as they came near the elephants and then rain blows with them upon the trunks and faces of the beasts. Furthermore, standing on the waggons, which were four-wheeled, were many also of the light- armed troops — bowmen, hurlers of stones and slingers who threw iron caltrops; and on the ground beside the waggons there were still more men. 8 This was the battle order of the two armies that had taken the field. The forces on the king's side numbered 70,000 foot, of whom the Greeks who had crossed the Ionian gulf amounted to 16,000; on the Roman side there were more than 70,000, about 20,000 of them being from Rome itself. Of horse the Romans had about 8,000, while Pyrrhus had slightly more, as well as nineteen elephants.