[4,23] Ἀχθομένων δὲ τῶν πατρικίων ἐπὶ τῷ πράγματι καὶ δυσανασχετούντων συγκαλέσας τὸ πλῆθος εἰς ἐκκλησίαν Πρῶτον μὲν θαυμάζειν, ἔφη, τῶν ἀγανακτούντων, εἰ τῇ φύσει τὸ ἐλεύθερον οἴονται τοῦ δούλου διαφέρειν, ἀλλ´ οὐ τῇ τύχῃ· ἔπειτ´ εἰ μὴ τοῖς ἤθεσι καὶ τοῖς τρόποις ἐξετάζουσι τοὺς ἀξίους τῶν καλῶν, ἀλλὰ ταῖς συντυχίαις, ὁρῶντες ὡς ἀστάθμητόν ἐστι πρᾶγμα εὐτυχία καὶ ἀγχίστροφον, καὶ οὐδενὶ ῥᾴδιον εἰπεῖν οὐδὲ τῶν πάνυ μακαρίων μέχρι τίνος αὐτῷ παρέσται χρόνου. ἠξίου τ´ αὐτοὺς σκοπεῖν, ὅσαι μὲν ἤδη πόλεις ἐκ δουλείας μετέβαλον εἰς ἐλευθερίαν βάρβαροί τε καὶ Ἑλληνίδες, ὅσαι δ´ εἰς δουλείαν ἐξ ἐλευθερίας· εὐήθειάν τε πολλὴν αὐτῶν κατεγίνωσκεν, εἰ τῆς ἐλευθερίας τοῖς ἀξίοις τῶν θεραπόντων μεταδιδόντες, τῆς πολιτείας φθονοῦσι· συνεβούλευέ τ´ αὐτοῖς, εἰ μὲν πονηροὺς νομίζουσι, μὴ ποιεῖν ἐλευθέρους, εἰ δὲ χρηστούς, μὴ περιορᾶν ὄντας ἀλλοτρίους· ἄτοπόν τε πρᾶγμα ποιεῖν αὐτοὺς ἔφη καὶ ἀμαθὲς ἅπασι τοῖς ξένοις ἐπιτρέποντας τῆς πόλεως μετέχειν καὶ μὴ διακρίνοντας αὐτῶν τὰς τύχας μηδ´ εἴ τινες ἐκ δούλων ἐγένοντο ἐλεύθεροι πολυπραγμονοῦντας, τοὺς δὲ παρὰ σφίσι δεδουλευκότας ἀναξίους ἡγεῖσθαι ταύτης τῆς χάριτος· φρονήσει τε διαφέρειν οἰομένους τῶν ἄλλων οὐδὲ τὰ ἐν ποσὶ καὶ κοινότατα ὁρᾶν ἔφασκεν, ἃ καὶ τοῖς φαυλοτάτοις εἶναι πρόδηλα, ὅτι τοῖς μὲν δεσπόταις πολλὴ φροντὶς ἔσται τοῦ μὴ προχείρως τινὰς ἐλευθεροῦν, ὡς τὰ μέγιστα τῶν ἐν ἀνθρώποις ἀγαθῶν οἷς ἔτυχε δωρησομένοις· τοῖς δὲ δούλοις ἔτι μείζων ὑπάρξει προθυμία χρηστοῖς εἶναι περὶ τοὺς δεσπότας, ἐὰν μάθωσιν, ὅτι τῆς ἐλευθερίας ἄξιοι κριθέντες εὐδαίμονος εὐθέως καὶ μεγάλης ἔσονται πολῖται πόλεως, καὶ ταῦθ´ ἕξουσιν ἀμφότερα παρὰ τῶν δεσποτῶν τἀγαθά. τελευτῶν δὲ τὸν περὶ τοῦ συμφέροντος εἰσηγήσατο λόγον τοὺς μὲν ἐπισταμένους ὑπομιμνήσκων, τοὺς δ´ ἀγνοοῦντας διδάσκων, ὅτι πόλει δυναστείας ἐφιεμένῃ καὶ μεγάλων πραγμάτων ἑαυτὴν ἀξιούσῃ οὐδενὸς οὕτω δεῖ πράγματος ὡς πολυανθρωπίας, ἵνα διαρκέσῃ πρὸς πάντας τοὺς πολέμους οἰκείοις ὅπλοις χρωμένη, καὶ μὴ ξενικοῖς στρατεύμασι καταμισθοφοροῦσα συνεξαναλωθῇ τοῖς χρήμασι· καὶ διὰ τοῦτ´ ἔφη τοὺς προτέρους βασιλεῖς ἅπασι μεταδεδωκέναι τῆς πολιτείας τοῖς ξένοις. εἰ δὲ καὶ τοῦτον καταστήσονται τὸν νόμον, πολλὴν αὐτοῖς ἔλεγεν ἐκ τῶν ἐλευθερουμένων ἐπιτραφήσεσθαι νεότητα καὶ οὐδέποτε ἀπορήσειν τὴν πόλιν οἰκείων ὅπλων, ἀλλ´ ἕξειν δυνάμεις αἰεὶ διαρκεῖς, κἂν πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους ἀναγκασθῇ πολεμεῖν. χωρὶς δὲ τοῦ κοινῇ χρησίμου καὶ ἰδίᾳ πολλὰ ὠφελήσεσθαι τοὺς εὐπορωτάτους Ῥωμαίων, ἐὰν τοὺς ἀπελευθέρους ἐῶσι τῆς πολιτείας μετέχειν, ἐν ἐκκλησίαις τε καὶ ψηφοφορίαις καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις πολιτικαῖς χρείαις τὰς χάριτας, ἐν οἷς μάλιστα δέονται πράγμασι, κομιζομένους καὶ τοὺς ἐκ τῶν ἀπελευθέρων γινομένους πελάτας τοῖς ἐγγόνοις τοῖς ἑαυτῶν καταλείποντας. Τοιαῦτα λέγοντος αὐτοῦ συνεχώρησαν οἱ πατρίκιοι τὸ ἔθος εἰς τὴν πόλιν παρελθεῖν, καὶ μέχρι τῶν καθ´ ἡμᾶς χρόνων ὡς ἕν τι τῶν ἱερῶν καὶ ἀκινήτων νομίμων διατελεῖ τοῦτ´ ἐν τῇ πόλει φυλαττόμενον.

[4,23] The patricians being displeased and indignant at this, he called an assembly of the people and told them that he wondered at those who were displeased at his course, first, for thinking that free men differed from slaves by their very nature rather than by their condition, and, second, for not determining by men's habits and character, rather than by the accidents of their fortune, those who were worthy of honours, particularly when they saw how unstable a thing good fortune is and how subject to sudden change, and how difficult it is for anyone, even of the most fortunate, to say how long it will remain with him. He asked them also to consider how many states, both barbarian and Greek, had passed from slavery to freedom and how many from freedom to slavery. He called it great folly on their part if, after they had granted liberty to such of their slaves as deserved it, they envied them the rights of citizens; and he advised them, if they thought them bad men, not to make them free, and if good men, not to ignore them because they were foreigners. He declared that they were doing an absurd and stupid thing, if, while permitting all strangers to share the rights of citizenship without distinguishing their condition or inquiring closely whether any of them had been manumitted or not, they regarded such as had been slaves among themselves as unworthy of this favour. And he said that, though they thought themselves wiser than other people, they did not even see what lay at their very feet and was to be observed every day and what was clear to the most ordinary men, namely, that not only the masters would take great (p343) care not to manumit any of their slaves rashly, for fear of granting the greatest of human blessings indiscriminately, but the slaves too would be more zealous to observe their masters faithfully when they knew that if they were thought worthy of liberty they should presently become citizens of a great and flourishing state and receive both these blessings from their masters. He concluded by speaking of the advantage that would result from this policy, reminding those who understood such matters, and informing the ignorant, that to a state which aimed at supremacy and thought itself worthy of great things nothing was so essential as a large population, in order that it might be equal to carrying on all its wars with its own armed forces and might not exhaust itself as well as its wealth in hiring mercenary troops; and for this reason, he said, the former kings had granted citizenship to all foreigners. But if they enacted this law also, great numbers of youths would be reared from those who were manumitted and the state would never lack for armed forces of its own, but would always have sufficient troops, even if it should be forced to make war against all the world. And besides this advantage to the public, the richest men would privately receive many benefits if they permitted the freedmen to share in the government, since in the assemblies and in the voting and in their other acts as citizens they would receive their reward in the very situations in which they most needed it, and furthermore would be leaving the children of these freedmen as so many clients to their posterity. These arguments of Tullius induced the patricians (p345) to permit this custom to be introduced into the commonwealth, and to this day it continues to be observed by the Romans as one of their sacred and unalterable usages.