[17,10] παρεθέμην δὲ ἑξῆς τὰ ἰαμβεῖα. τὸ γὰρ τοῖς καλῶς εἰρημένοις αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι νοῦν ἔχοντός ἐστιν. ἐν δὴ τούτοις ἅπαντα ἔνεστι τὰ συμβαίνοντα ἐκ τῆς πλεονεξίας, ὅτι μήτε ἰδίᾳ μήτε κοινῇ συμφέρει, τοὐναντίον δὲ καὶ τὴν τῶν οἴκων εὐδαιμονίαν καὶ τὴν τῶν πόλεων ἀνατρέπει καὶ διαφθείρει· καὶ πάλιν ὡς νόμος ἀνθρώποις τιμᾶν τὸ ἴσον, καὶ τοῦτο μὲν κοινὴν φιλίαν καὶ πᾶσιν εἰρήνην πρὸς ἀλλήλους ποιεῖ, τὰς δὲ διαφορὰς καὶ τὰς ἐμφύλους ἔριδας καὶ τοὺς ἔξω πολέμους κατ´ οὐδὲν ἕτερον συμβαίνοντας ἢ διὰ τὴν τοῦ πλείονος ἐπιθυμίαν, ἐξ ὧν ἕκαστος καὶ τῶν ἱκανῶν ἀποστερεῖται. (17,11) καίτοι τί τοῦ ζῆν ἀναγκαιότερόν ἐστιν, ἢ τί τούτου περὶ πλείονος ποιοῦνται πάντες; ἀλλ´ ὅμως καὶ τοῦτο ἀπολλύουσι χρημάτων, οἱ δὲ καὶ τὰς πατρίδας τὰς αὑτῶν ἀναστάτους ἐποίησαν. μετὰ ταῦτα τοίνυν ὁ αὐτὸς ποιητὴς οὔ φησιν ἐν τοῖς θείοις εἶναι πλεονεξίαν· διὰ τοῦτο ἄφθαρτα καὶ ἀγήρω μένειν αὐτὰ, τὴν προσήκουσαν ἓν ἕκαστον ἑαυτῷ τάξιν φυλάττοντα, τήν τε νύκτα καὶ τὴν ἡμέραν καὶ τὰς ὥρας. εἰ γὰρ μὴ τοῦτον εἶχε τὸν τρόπον, οὐκ ἂν αὐτῶν οὐδὲν δύνασθαι διαμένειν. ὅταν οὖν καὶ τοῖς θείοις ἡ πλεονεξία φθορὰν ἐπιφέρῃ, τί χρὴ νομίζειν τἀνθρώπεια πάσχειν ἀπὸ ταύτης τῆς νόσου; καλῶς δὲ μέμνηται καὶ μέτρων καὶ σταθμῶν, ὡς ὑπὲρ τοῦ δικαίου καὶ τοῦ πλεονεκτεῖν μηδένα μηδενὸς τούτων εὑρημένων. (17,12) ὁ δὲ Ἡσίοδος καὶ πλέον εἶναι τοῦ παντός φησι τὸ ἥμισυ, τὰς ἐκ τοῦ πλεονεκτεῖν βλάβας οἶμαι καὶ ζημίας λογιζόμενος. τίς γὰρ πώποτε ἢ βασιλεὺς ἢ δυνάστης ἢ δῆμος ἐπιχειρήσας ὑπερβῆναι τὸ δίκαιον καὶ τοῦ πλείονος ὀρεχθῆναι οὐχ ἅπασαν μὲν τὴν ὑπάρχουσαν εὐδαιμονίαν ἀπέβαλε, μεγάλαις δὲ καὶ ἀμηχάνοις ἐχρήσατο συμφοραῖς, ἅπασι δὲ τοῖς μετ´ αὐτὸν παραδείγματα ἐμφανῆ τῆς ἀνοίας καὶ τῆς πονηρίας κατέλιπεν; ἢ τίς τῶν ἐλαττοῦσθαι βουλομένων καὶ τὴν δοκοῦσαν ἧτταν ῥᾳδίως ὑπομένειν οὐ πολλαπλάσια μὲν τῶν ἄλλων ἐκτήσατο, αὐτομάτως αὐτῷ καὶ δίχα πόνου περιγιγνόμενα, πλεῖστον δὲ χρόνον τὴν εὐημερίαν κατέσχεν, ἀσφαλέστατα δὲ ἐχρήσατο τοῖς παρὰ τῆς τύχης ἀγαθοῖς; (17,13) αὐτίκα γοῦν οἱ τῆς Ἰοκάστης υἱεῖς {οὐκ}, ἐπεὶ διέστησαν τοῦ πλείονος χάριν, ὁ μὲν μόνος ἄρχειν βουλόμενος, ὁ δ´ ἐξ ἅπαντος τρόπου ζητῶν κομίσασθαι τῆς δυναστείας τὸ μέρος, οὐκ ἀδελφοὶ μὲν ὄντες ἀλλήλους ἀπέκτειναν, μεγάλων δὲ κακῶν αἴτιοι κατέστησαν τοῖς συναραμένοις ἀμφότεροι, τῶν μὲν ἐπιστρατευσάντων παραχρῆμα ἀπολομένων, τῶν δὲ ἀμυναμένων μετὰ μικρὸν ἡττηθέντων, ἐπειδὴ τοὺς νεκροὺς οὐκ εἴων ταφῆναι; (17,14) καὶ μὴν δι´ ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς πλεονεξίαν, τοῦ τὴν Ἑλένην ἁρπάσαντος καὶ τὰ τοῦ Μενελάου κτήματα, οἱ τὴν μεγίστην τῆς Ἀσίας οἰκοῦντες πόλιν ἀπώλοντο μετὰ παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν, καὶ μίαν γυναῖκα ὑποδεξάμενοι καὶ χρήματα ὀλίγα τηλικαύτην τιμωρίαν ἔτισαν. ὁ τοίνυν Ξέρξης, ὁ τῆς ἑτέρας ἠπείρου κύριος, ἐπειδὴ καὶ τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἐπεθύμησε καὶ τοσοῦτον στόλον καὶ τοσαύτας μυριάδας συναγαγὼν ἤλασεν, ἅπασαν μὲν αἰσχρῶς ἀπέβαλε τὴν δύναμιν, μόλις δὲ τὸ σῶμα ἴσχυσε διασῶσαι φεύγων αὐτός. πορθουμένης δὲ μετὰ ταῦτα τῆς χώρας καὶ τῶν πόλεων τῶν ἐπὶ θαλάττῃ φέρειν ἠναγκάζετο. (17,15) καὶ μὴν Πολυκράτην φασίν, ἕως μὲν Σάμου μόνης ἦρχεν, εὐδαιμονέστατον ἁπάντων γενέσθαι· βουλόμενον δέ τι καὶ τῶν πέραν πολυπραγμονεῖν, διαπλεύσαντα πρὸς Ὀροίτην, ὡς χρήματα λάβοι, μηδὲ ῥᾳδίου γε θανάτου τυχεῖν, ἀλλὰ ἀνασκολοπισθέντα ὑπὸ τοῦ βαρβάρου διαφθαρῆναι. ταῦτα μέν, ἵν´ ᾖ παραδείγματα ὑμῖν, ἔκ τε τῶν σφόδρα παλαιῶν καὶ τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ τῶν ἐν ποιήμασι καὶ τῶν ἄλλως ἱστορουμένων παρήνεγκα. (17,16) ἄξιον δ´ ἐνθυμηθῆναι καὶ τὸν θεόν, ὡς κἀκεῖνος κολάζειν πέφυκε τοὺς πλεονεκτοῦντας. Λακεδαιμονίοις γὰρ χρωμένοις, εἰ δίδωσιν αὐτοῖς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν, οὐ μόνον ἀπεῖπε καὶ τὴν ἀπληστίαν ὠνείδισεν, οὕτως εἰπών· Ἀρκαδίην μ´ αἰτεῖς, μέγα μ´ αἰτεῖς, οὔτοι δώσω· ἀλλὰ καὶ τιμωρίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπέθηκε, προειπὼν μὲν τὸ μέλλον, οὕτως δὲ ὥστε ἐκείνους μὴ συνέντας ἐπὶ Τεγέαν στρατεύεσθαι καὶ ταῖς γιγνωσκομέναις ὑπὸ πάντων συμφοραῖς περιπεσεῖν. καίτοι φανερῶς τὴν Ἀρκαδίαν αὐτοῖς ἀρνούμενος οὐδὲ τὴν Τεγέαν ἐδίδου. τὸ γὰρ ἰσχυρότατον τῆς Ἀρκαδίας καὶ μέγιστον τοῦτ´ ἦν. ἀλλ´ ὅμως διὰ τὴν πλεονεξίαν οὐδὲ ὦτα ἔχουσιν οἱ πολλοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐδὲ τῶν λεγομένων αἰσθάνονται. (17,17) πάλιν τοίνυν Ἀθηναίοις ἐρωτῶσι περὶ τῆς νήσου Σικελίας ἔχρησε προσλαβεῖν τῇ πόλει τὴν Σικελίαν, λόφον τινὰ ἐγγὺς ὄντα τῆς πόλεως. οἱ δὲ τῶν μὲν παρακειμένων καὶ τῶν ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἠμέλησαν· οὕτως δ´ ἔκφρονες ὑπῆρχον διὰ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τοῦ πλείονος, ὥστε τὸν θεὸν αὐτοῖς ἐνόμιζον λέγειν ἐν ἑνὶ τείχει περιλαβεῖν τὰς Ἀθήνας καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ μυρίων που σταδίων οὖσαν νῆσον. τοιγαροῦν ἐκεῖσε πλεύσαντες οὐ μόνον Σικελίας διήμαρτον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἐστερήθησαν, καὶ τὴν πόλιν αὐτὴν ἐπεῖδον ἐπὶ τοῖς πολεμίοις γεγενημένην. (17,18) καὶ τὰ μὲν τοιαῦτα εἰ θέλοι τις ἐπεξιέναι, δῆλον ὡς οὐδ´ ἐν ἔτει ἐπιλείψει. σκοπεῖτε δ´ ὅτι τὴν ἰσχὺν οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν ἀγαθῶν εἶναι νομίζουσιν· ἀλλ´ οἶμαι τοῖς ἐπ´ ἄκρον ἰσχύουσι καὶ λίαν ὑπερβάλλουσι τῇ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα εὐεξίᾳ συμφέρει μέρος τι αὐτῆς ἀφελεῖν· τὸ γὰρ πλέον οἶμαι τοῦ συμμέτρου παγχάλεπον. ὁμοίως ὁ πλοῦτος ἔχων τὴν χρείαν, ἐὰν μὲν ᾖ μέτριος, οὐ λυπεῖ τοὺς ἔχοντας, ἀλλ´ εὐχερέστερον καὶ νὴ Δί´ ἀνεπιδεῆ παρέχει τὸν βίον· ἐὰν δὲ ὑπερβάλῃ, πλείονας παρέχει τὰς φροντίδας καὶ τὰ λυπηρὰ τῆς δοκούσης ἡδονῆς, καὶ πολλοὶ μετενόησαν σφόδρα πλουτήσαντες, οἱ δὲ δι´ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἄποροι καὶ τῶν ἐλαχίστων κατέστησαν. (17,19) εἶεν· ἀλλ´ ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς, εἰ τῶν τῆς φύσεως μερῶν ἕκαστον ἐθέλοι πλεονεκτεῖν, ἔσθ´ ὅπως τὸν βραχύτατον καιρὸν διαμεῖναι δυνησόμεθα; λέγω δὲ οἷον εἰ πλέον τινὶ τοῦ συμμέτρου αἷμα γίγνοιτο ἢ νὴ Δία τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ θερμὸν ὅ,τι δήποτ´ ἐν ἡμῖν ἐπιτείνοι παρὰ τὴν σύμμετρον καὶ τὴν προσήκουσαν, οὐχὶ μεγάλας ἐπίστασθε καὶ χαλεπὰς ἐκ τούτων ἀπαντᾶν νόσους; ἐν δὲ ταῖς ἁρμονίαις τῶν ὀργάνων τούτων, εἰ πλεονεκτήσειε τῶν φθόγγων τις τῇ τάσει, πρὸς τοῦ Διὸς οὐκ ἀνάγκη πᾶσαν λελύσθαι τὴν ἁρμονίαν;

[17,10] I have quoted the iambics in full; for when a thought has been admirably expressed, it marks the man of good sense to use it in that form. In this passage, then, are enumerated all the consequences of greed: that it is of advantage neither to the individual nor to the state; but that, on the contrary, it overthrows and destroys the prosperity of families and of states as well; and, in the second place, that the law of men requires us to honour equality, and that this establishes a common bond of friendship and peace for all toward one (p197) another, whereas quarrels, internal strife, and foreign wars are due to nothing else than the desire for more, with the result that each side is deprived even of a sufficiency. 11 For what is more necessary than life, or what do all men hold as of more importance than this? But nevertheless men will destroy even that for money, and some too have caused even their own fatherlands to be laid waste. The same poet then goes on to say that there is no greed among the divine beings, wherefore they remain indestructible and ageless, each single one keeping its own proper position night and day and through all the seasons. For, the poet adds, if they were not so ordered, none of them would be able to survive. When, therefore, greed would bring destruction even to the divine beings, what disastrous effect must we believe this malady causes to human kind? And he aptly mentions measures and weights as having been invented to secure justice and to prevent any man from over-reaching another. 12 And Hesiod says that the half is even more than the whole, having in mind, I presume, the injuries and losses resulting from greed. For what king or potentate or people has ever attempted to transgress the principle of justice and grasp at the greater share but he has lost all his former felicity (p199) and has suffered great and overpowering disasters, bequeathing to all men thereafter unmistakable examples of folly and wickedness? Or of those who were willing to receive the lesser share and to endure cheerfully the seeming defeat, what man has not gained more than the others many times over, things that accrued to him automatically and without effort on his part, and has gained for the longest time fair prosperity and in the greatest security has enjoyed Fortune's blessings? 13 Illustrations are at hand: Did not the sons of Iocasta, when they became at variance in their desire for more, the one wishing to be sole ruler, and the other seeking by fair means or foul to secure his portion of the kingdom — did they not, though brothers, slay each the other and bring the greatest evils, both of them, upon those who espoused their causes, since the invaders of the land straightway perished, while those who fought to defend it were worsted soon after because they would not allow the corpses to be buried? 14 And again, on account of the greed of one man who carried off Helen and the possessions of Menelaus, the inhabitants of Asia's greatest city perished along with their children and wives, for harbouring one woman and a little property they paid so huge a penalty. Then take the case of Xerxes, the master of the other continent. When he cast covetous eyes upon Greece too, and collected and brought against her so mighty a fleet and so many myriads, he shamefully lost all his armament and with difficulty saved his own person by taking to flight himself; and afterwards (p201) he was forced to endure the ravishing of his country and of his cities on the seacoast. 15 As a further illustration take Polycrates: They say that so long as he was ruler of Samos alone he enjoyed the greatest felicity of any man in the whole world; but that when he wished to meddle somewhat in the affairs of the people of the opposite mainland and sailed across for the purpose of getting money from Orestes, he met with no easy death, but was impaled by that barbarian prince and thus perished. These instances, in order that they be warning examples to you, I have taken not only from exceedingly ancient, but also from subsequent times, and as related both in poetry and in narrative prose. 16 Then it is worth your while to call to mind the attitude of the god likewise, that he also by his very nature punishes the covetous. When, for instance, the Spartans consulted his oracle to ask if he gave Arcadia to them, he not only refused them, but rebuked their insatiable greed in the following words: Arcadia thou askest of me? 'Tis much! Nay, give it I'll not, but also imposed a penalty upon them and foretold the future, yet in such a way that they did not understand, but marched against Tegea to meet with disasters known of all men. And yet, while plainly denying Arcadia to them, he would not give them Tegea either. For this was the strongest and most important place in Arcadia. But, speaking generally, the majority of mankind are so covetous that they have not even ears to hear, nor do they so much as understand words of warning when spoken. (p203) 17 At another time, when the Athenians asked about the island of Sicily, the oracle answered that they should annex to their city 'Sicily,' this being the name of a hill near the city. But they paid no attention to what was near at hand and before their eyes; so bereft of sense were they on account of their lust for more, that they imagined the god was telling them to enclose without one wall Athens and an island some ten thousand stades distant. As a result they sailed thither, and not only failed to get Sicily, but lost Attica as well, and saw their city itself in the hands of her enemies. 18 And if you should wish to enumerate all such examples as these, it is clear that not even in a year's time would you run out of them. Then consider, I beg of you, that most men regard physical strength as one of the blessings of life; yet I believe that in the case of those who have the greatest physical strength and greatly excel in bodily vigour, it is of advantage to sacrifice a part of this; for in my opinion what exceeds the right proportion is very troublesome. In the same manner wealth which may be put to use does not, if it be moderate, injure its possessor, but makes his life easier and certainly frees it from want; but if it becomes excessive, it causes far more worries and troubles than that which passes for pleasure; and many have rued the day when they acquired enormous wealth, while some for this very reason have come to lack even the barest necessities. 19 So far so good! But let us take our own selves: If each element that makes up our being should wish to have the advantage, would it be possible for us to (p205) keep alive for the shortest time? I mean, for example, if the blood should increase a little beyond the proper proportion, or even if something or other in us should increase the pressure of the warm breath beyond its due and proper proportion, do you not know that serious and dangerous illnesses inevitably come on? And in the harmonies of these instruments of our bodies, if any one of the strings should get more than its share of tension, in Heaven's name must not the harmony as a whole be destroyed?