[36,10] εἶπον οὖν προσπαίζων πρὸς αὐτόν, Πότερόν σοι δοκεῖ, ὦ Καλλίστρατε, ἀμείνων ποιητὴς Ὅμηρος ἢ Φωκυλίδης; καὶ ὃς γελάσας ἔφη, Ἀλλ´ οὐδὲ ἐπίσταμαι ἔγωγε τοῦ ἑτέρου ποιητοῦ τὸ ὄνομα, οἶμαι δὲ μηδὲ τούτων μηδένα. οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡγούμεθα ἡμεῖς ἄλλον τινὰ ποιητὴν ἢ Ὅμηρον. τοῦτον δὲ σχεδόν τι οὐδὲ ἄλλος οὐδεὶς ἀγνοεῖ. μόνου γὰρ Ὁμήρου μνημονεύουσιν οἱ ποιηταὶ αὐτῶν ἐν τοῖς ποιήμασιν, καὶ ἄλλως μὲν εἰώθασι λέγειν, ἀεὶ δὲ ὁπόταν μέλλωσι μάχεσθαι {παρακελεύονται τοῖς αὑτῶν ὥσπερ τὰ Τυρταίου ἐν Λακεδαίμονι ἐλέγετο}. εἰσὶ δὲ πάντες οὗτοι τυφλοὶ καὶ οὐχ ἡγοῦνται δυνατὸν εἶναι ἄλλως τινὰ ποιητὴν γενέσθαι. (36,11) Τοῦτο μέν, ἔφην, ἀπολελαύκασιν {οἱ ποιηταὶ αὐτῶν} ἀπὸ Ὁμήρου ὥσπερ ἀπὸ ὀφθαλμίας. τὸν δὲ Φωκυλίδην ὑμεῖς μὲν οὐκ ἐπίστασθε, ὡς λέγεις· πάνυ δὲ τῶν ἐνδόξων γέγονε ποιητῶν. ὥσπερ οὖν ἐπειδάν τις τῶν ἐμπόρων καταπλεύσῃ πρὸς ὑμᾶς οὐ πρότερον 〈παρα〉γεγονώς, οὐκ εὐθὺς ἠτιμάσατε αὐτόν, ἀλλὰ πρότερον γευσάμενοι τοῦ οἴνου, κἂν ἄλλο τι φορτίον ἄγῃ, δεῖγμα λαβόντες, ἐὰν μὲν ἀρέσῃ ὑμᾶς, ὠνεῖσθε, εἰ δὲ μή, ἐᾶτε· οὕτως, ἔφην, καὶ τῆς τοῦ Φωκυλίδου ποιήσεως ἔξεστί σοι λαβεῖν δεῖγμα ἐν βραχεῖ. καὶ γάρ ἐστιν οὐ τῶν μακράν τινα καὶ συνεχῆ ποίησιν εἰρόντων, (36,12) ὥσπερ ὁ ὑμέτερος μίαν ἑξῆς διέξεισι μάχην ἐν πλείοσιν ἢ πεντακισχιλίοις ἔπεσιν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ δύο καὶ τρία ἔπη αὐτῷ καὶ ἀρχὴν ἡ ποίησις καὶ πέρας λαμβάνει. ὥστε καὶ προστίθησι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ καθ´ ἕκαστον διανόημα, ἅτε σπουδαῖον καὶ πολλοῦ ἄξιον ἡγούμενος, οὐχ ὥσπερ Ὅμηρος οὐδαμοῦ τῆς ποιήσεως ὠνόμασεν αὑτόν. (36,13) ἢ οὐ δοκεῖ σοι εἰκότως προσθεῖναι Φωκυλίδης τῇ τοιαύτῃ γνώμῃ καὶ ἀποφάσει, καὶ τόδε Φωκυλίδου· πόλις ἐν σκοπέλῳ κατὰ κόσμον οἰκεῦσα σμικρὴ κρέσσων Νίνου ἀφραινούσης. ἀλλ´ οὐ πρὸς ὅλην Ἰλιάδα καὶ Ὀδύσσειαν ταῦτα τὰ ἔπη ἐστὶ τοῖς μὴ παρέργως ἀκροωμένοις; ἢ μᾶλλον ὑμῖν ἀκούειν συνέφερε περὶ τῶν τοῦ Ἀχιλλέως πηδήσεών τε καὶ ὀρούσεων καὶ τῆς φωνῆς, ὅτι μόνον φθεγξάμενος ἔτρεπε τοὺς Τρῶας, ταῦτα μᾶλλον ὠφελεῖ ὑμᾶς ἐκμανθάνοντας ἢ ἐκεῖνο, ὅτι ἡ σμικρὰ πόλις ἐν τραχεῖ σκοπέλῳ κειμένη κρείττων ἐστὶ καὶ εὐτυχεστέρα κατὰ κόσμον οἰκοῦσα ἢ μεγάλη ἐν λείῳ καὶ πλατεῖ πεδίῳ, ἐάνπερ ἀκόσμως καὶ ἀνόμως ὑπὸ ἀνθρώπων ἀφρόνων οἰκῆται; (36,14) καὶ ὃς οὐ μάλα ἡδέως ἀποδεξάμενος, Ὦ ξένε, εἶπεν, ὅτι ἡμεῖς σε ἀγαπῶμεν καὶ σφόδρα αἰδούμεθα· ὡς ἄλλως γε οὐδεὶς ἂν ἠνέσχετο Βορυσθενιτῶν εἰς Ὅμηρον καὶ Ἀχιλλέα τοιαῦτα εἰπόντος. ὁ μὲν γὰρ θεὸς ἡμῶν ἐστιν, ὡς ὁρᾷς, ὁ δὲ καὶ σχεδόν τι μετὰ τοὺς θεοὺς τιμᾶται. κἀγὼ πραῧναι βουλόμενος αὐτόν, ἅμα δὲ ἐπί τι χρήσιμον ἀγαγεῖν, Παραιτοῦμαί σε, εἶπον, καθ´ Ὅμηρον συγγνώμην ἔχειν μοι, „εἴ τι κακὸν νῦν εἴρηται“. αὖθις γάρ ποτε ἐπαινεσόμεθα Ἀχιλλέα τε καὶ Ὅμηρον ὅσα δοκεῖ ἡμῖν ὀρθῶς λέγειν. (36,15) τὸ δὲ παρὸν σκεπτέον ἂν εἴη τὸ τοῦ Φωκυλίδου· ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ σφόδρα καλῶς λέγειν ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως. Σκόπει, ἔφη, ἐπεὶ καὶ τούσδε ὁρᾷς πάντας ἐπιθυμοῦντας ἀκοῦσαί σου καὶ διὰ τοῦτο συνερρυηκότας δεῦρο πρὸς τὸν ποταμόν, καίτοι οὐ σφόδρα ἀθορύβως ἔχοντας. οἶσθα γὰρ δήπου ὅτι χθὲς οἱ Σκύθαι προσελάσαντες μεσημβρίας τοὺς μέν τινας ἀπέκτειναν τῶν σκοπῶν οὐ προσέχοντας, τοὺς δὲ ἐζωγρήκασιν ἴσως· οὐ γάρ πω ἐπιστάμεθα διὰ τὸ μακροτέραν αὐτοῖς γενέσθαι τὴν φυγήν, ἅτε οὐ πρὸς τὴν πόλιν φεύγουσιν. (36,16) ἦν δὲ τῷ ὄντι ταῦτα οὕτως, καὶ αἵ τε πύλαι συγκέκλειντο καὶ τὸ σημεῖον ἦρτο ἐπὶ τοῦ τείχους τὸ πολεμικόν. ἀλλ´ ὅμως οὕτως ἦσαν φιλήκοοι καὶ τῷ τρόπῳ Ἕλληνες, ὥστε μικροῦ δεῖν ἅπαντες παρῆσαν ἐν τοῖς ὅπλοις, βουλόμενοι ἀκούειν. κἀγὼ ἀγάμενος αὐτῶν τὴν προθυμίαν, Βούλεσθε, ἔφην, καθιζώμεθα ἰόντες ποι τῆς πόλεως; τυχὸν γὰρ νῦν οὐ πάντες ὁμοίως ἀκούουσιν ἐν τῷ βαδίζειν, ἀλλ´ οἱ ὄπισθεν πράγματα ἔχουσι καὶ παρέχουσι τοῖς πρὸ αὐτῶν, σπεύδοντες ἐγγυτέρω προσελθεῖν. (36,17) ὡς δὲ τοῦτο εἶπον, εὐθὺς ὥρμησαν ἅπαντες εἰς τὸ τοῦ Διὸς ἱερόν, οὗπερ εἰώθασι βουλεύεσθαι. καὶ οἱ μὲν πρεσβύτατοι καὶ οἱ γνωριμώτατοι καὶ οἱ ἐν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς κύκλῳ καθίζοντο ἐπὶ βάθρων· τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν πλῆθος ἐφεστήκεσαν. ἦν γὰρ εὐρυχωρία πολλὴ πρὸ τοῦ νεώ. πάνυ οὖν ἄν τις ἥσθη τῇ ὄψει φιλόσοφος ἀνήρ, ὅτι ἅπαντες ἦσαν τὸν ἀρχαῖον τρόπον, ὥς φησιν Ὅμηρος τοὺς Ἕλληνας, κομῶντες καὶ τὰ γένεια ἀφεικότες, εἷς δὲ ἐν αὐτοῖς μόνος ἐξυρημένος, καὶ τοῦτον ἐλοιδόρουν τε καὶ ἐμίσουν ἅπαντες. ἐλέγετο δὲ οὐκ ἄλλως τοῦτο ἐπιτηδεύειν, ἀλλὰ κολακεύων Ῥωμαίους καὶ τὴν πρὸς αὐτοὺς φιλίαν ἐπιδεικνύμενος· ὥστε εἶδεν ἄν τις ἐπ´ ἐκείνου τὸ αἰσχρὸν τοῦ πράγματος καὶ οὐδαμῇ πρέπον ἀνδράσιν. (36,18) ἐπεὶ δὲ ἡσυχία ἐγένετο, εἶπον ὅτι δοκοῦσί μοι ὀρθῶς ποιεῖν, πόλιν οἰκοῦντες ἀρχαίαν καὶ Ἑλληνίδα, βουλόμενοι ἀκοῦσαι περὶ πόλεως. καὶ πρῶτόν γε, ἔφην, ὅ,τι ἐστὶν αὐτὸ τοῦτο ὑπὲρ οὗ ὁ λόγος γνῶναι σαφῶς· οὕτω γὰρ ἂν εἴητε ἅμα ᾐσθημένοι καὶ ὁποῖόν τί ἐστιν. οἱ γὰρ πολλοί, ἔφην, ἄνθρωποι τὸ ὄνομα αὐτὸ ἴσασι καὶ φθέγγονται τοῦ πράγματος ἑκάστου, τὸ δὲ πρᾶγμ´ ἀγνοοῦσιν. (36,19) οἱ δὲ πεπαιδευμένοι τοῦτο φροντίζουσιν, ὅπως καὶ τὴν δύναμιν εἴσονται ἑκάστου οὗ λέγουσιν· οἷον τὸ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὄνομα πάντες οὕτω λέγουσιν οἱ ἑλληνίζοντες, ἐὰν δὲ πύθῃ τινὸς αὐτῶν ὅ, τι ἐστὶ τοῦτο, λέγω δὲ ὁποῖόν τι καὶ καθ´ ὃ μηδενὶ τῶν ἄλλων ταὐτόν, οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι εἰπεῖν ἀλλ´ ἢ δεῖξαι μόνον αὑτὸν ἢ ἄλλον, ὥσπερ οἱ βάρβαροι. ὁ δὲ ἔμπειρος τῷ πυνθανομένῳ τί ἐστιν ἄνθρωπος ἀποκρίνεται ὅτι ζῷον λογικὸν θνητόν. τὸ γὰρ τοῦτο εἶναι μόνῳ ἀνθρώπῳ συμβέβηκε καὶ οὐδενὶ ἄλλῳ.

[36,10] Accordingly I said to him by way of jest, "Callistratus, which do you think is the better poet, Homer or Phocylides?" And he laughed and said, "Why, as for myself, I do not even know the other poet's name, and I suppose that none of these men does, either. For we do not believe in any other poet than Homer. But as for Homer, you might say that no man alive is ignorant of him. For Homer is the only one whom their poets recall in their compositions, and it is their habit to recite his verses on many an occasion, but invariably they employ his poetry to inspire their troops when about to enter battle, just as the songs of Tyrtaeus used to be employed in Lacedaemon. Moreover, all these poets are blind, and they do not believe it possible for any one to become a poet otherwise." 11 "That at any rate," said I, "their poets caught from Homer, as it were from a case of sore eyes. But as for Phocylides, while your people do not know him, as you state, for all that he is certainly rated among the famous poets. Therefore, just as, when a merchant sails into your port who has never been there before, you do not immediately scorn him but, on the contrary, having first tasted his wine and sampled any other merchandise in his cargo, you (p433) buy it if it suits your taste, otherwise you pass it by; just so," said I, "with the poetry of Phocylides you may take a sample of small compass. 12 For he is not one of those who string together a long and continuous poem as your Homer does, who uses more than five thousand verses of continuous narration in describing a single battle; on the contrary, the poems of Phocylides have both beginning and end in two or three verses. And so he adds his name to each sentiment, in the belief that it is a matter of interest and great importance, in so doing behaving quite differently from Homer, who nowhere in his poetry names himself. 13 Or don't you think Phocylides had good reason for attaching his name to a maxim and declaration such as this? "This too the saying of Phocylides: The law-abiding town, though small and set On a lofty rock, outranks mad Nineveh". Why, in comparison with the entire Iliad and Odyssey are not these verses noble to those who pay heed as they listen? Or was it more to your advantage to hear of the impetuous leaping and charging of Achilles, and about his voice, how by his shouts alone he routed the Trojans? Are those things more useful for you to learn by heart than what you just have heard, that a small city on a rugged headland is better and more fortunate, if orderly, than a great city in a smooth and level plain, that is to say, if that city is conducted in disorderly and lawless fashion by men of folly?' (p435) 14 And Callistratus, receiving my remarks with no great pleasure, replied, "My friend, we admire and respect you greatly; for otherwise no man in Borysthenes would have tolerated your saying such things of Homer and Achilles. For Achilles is our god, as you observe, and Homer ranks almost next to the gods in honour." And I in turn, wishing to appease him and at the same time to guide him in the direction of his own advantage, said, "I beg you to forgive me, to use the Homeric phrase, 'if aught of harm hath now been spoken.' For some other time we shall praise both Achilles and Homer in so far as the poet seems to us to speak correctly. 15 But now we might well consider the case of Phocylides, since in my opinion he speaks very nobly regarding the city." "Pray do so," said he, "since you can see that all these men now present are just as eager as I am to listen to you, and that for that very reason they have streamed together here beside the river, although in no very tranquil state of mind. For of course you know that yesterday the Scythians made a raid at noon and put to death some of the outposts who were not on their guard, and in all likelihood took others captive; for we do not yet know definitely about that, because their rout took them some distance away; for their flight was not toward the city." 16 And in truth it was precisely as he had said, and not only were the city gates fast shut but also there had been hoisted on the ramparts the standard that betokens war. Yet they were such ardent listeners, (p437) so truly Greek in character, that almost all the inhabitants were present, under arms, eager to hear me. And I, admiring their earnestness, said, "If it please you, shall we go and sit down somewhere in the city? For perchance at present not all can hear equally well what is said as we stroll; on the contrary, those in the rear find it difficult themselves and also make it difficult for those ahead through their eagerness to get closer." 17 And no sooner had I made this suggestion than they all set out together for the temple of Zeus, where they are wont to meet in council. And while the eldest and the most distinguished and the officials sat on benches in a circle, the rest of the company stood close by, for there was a large open space before the temple. A philosopher would have been vastly pleased at the sight, because all were like the ancient Greeks described by Homer, long-haired and with flowing beards, and only one among them was shaven, and he was subjected to the ridicule and resentment of them all. And it was said that he practised shaving, not as an idle fancy, but out of flattery of the Romans and to show his friendship toward them. And so one could have seen illustrated in his case how disgraceful the practice is and how unseemly for real men. 18 But when quiet had been secured, I said that in my opinion they did well, seeing that they dwelt in a city that was ancient and Greek, in wishing to hear about a city. "And," said I, "surely the first essential is that we should know precisely the true nature of the thing about which we are to speak; (p439) for in that way you would at the same time have perceived what its attributes are. For most men," said I, "know and employ merely the names of things, but are ignorant of the things themselves. 19 On the other hand, men who are educated make it their business to know also the meaning of everything of which they speak. For example, anthropos is a term used by all who speak Greek, but if you should ask any one of them what anthropos really is — I mean what its attributes are and wherein it differs from any other thing — he could not say, but could only point to himself or to some else in true barbarian fashion. But man who has expert knowledge, when asked what anthropos is, replies that it is a mortal animal endowed with reason. For that happens to be true of anthropos alone and of nothing else.