[5,77] Ταῦτα διαπραξάμενος ὁ ἀνὴρ ἀπῆγε τὰς δυνάμεις ἐκ τῆς ὑπαίθρου καὶ πρὶν ἢ πάντα τὸν τῆς ἐξουσίας ἐκπληρῶσαι χρόνον ὑπάτους ἀποδείξας ἀπέθετο τὴν ἀρχὴν οὔτ´ ἀποκτείνας οὐθένα Ῥωμαίων οὔτ´ ἐξελάσας τῆς πατρίδος οὔτ´ ἄλλῃ συμφορᾷ βαρείᾳ περιβαλὼν οὐδεμιᾷ. οὗτος ὁ ζῆλος ἀπ´ ἐκείνου τοῦ ἀνδρὸς ἀρξάμενος ἅπασι παρέμεινε τοῖς λαμβάνουσι τὴν αὐτὴν ἐξουσίαν ἄχρι τῆς τρίτης πρὸ ἡμῶν γενεᾶς. οὐθένα γοῦν ἐκ τῆς ἱστορίας παρειλήφαμεν, ὃς οὐ μετρίως αὐτῇ καὶ πολιτικῶς ἐχρήσατο, πολλάκις ἀναγκασθείσης τῆς πόλεως καταλῦσαι τὰς νομίμους ἀρχὰς καὶ πάντα ποιῆσαι τὰ πράγματα ὑφ´ ἑνί. καὶ εἰ μὲν ἐν τοῖς ὀθνείοις πολέμοις μόνον ἦσαν οἱ λαμβάνοντες τὴν δικτατορίαν ἀγαθοὶ προστάται τῆς πατρίδος μηθὲν ὑπὸ τοῦ μεγέθους τῆς ἀρχῆς διαφθειρόμενοι ἧττον ἂν θαυμαστὸν ἦν· νῦν δὲ καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἐμφυλίοις διχοστασίαις πολλαῖς καὶ μεγάλαις γενομέναις καὶ ἐπὶ καταλύσει βασιλειῶν καὶ τυραννίδων ὑποπτευομένων καὶ ἐπ´ ἄλλων συμφορῶν κωλύσει μυρίων ὅσων οἱ τηλικαύτης τυχόντες ἐξουσίας ἅπαντες ἀνεπιλήπτους καὶ τῷ πρώτῳ λαβόντι τὴν ἀρχὴν ὁμοίους ἑαυτοὺς παρέσχον· ὥσθ´ ἅπασι παραστῆναι τὴν αὐτὴν δόξαν, ὅτι μία βοήθεια παντός ἐστιν ἀνιάτου κακοῦ καὶ τελευταίας σωτηρίας ἐλπίς, ὅταν ἀπορραγῶσιν ἅπασαι διὰ καιρούς τινας, ἡ τοῦ δικτάτορος ἀρχή. ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς κατὰ τοὺς πατέρας ἡμῶν ἡλικίας ὁμοῦ τι τετρακοσίων διαγενομένων ἐτῶν ἀπὸ τῆς Τίτου Λαρκίου δικτατορίας διεβλήθη καὶ μισητὸν ἅπασιν ἀνθρώποις ἐφάνη τὸ πρᾶγμα Λευκίου Κορνηλίου Σύλλα πρώτου καὶ μόνου πικρῶς αὐτῇ καὶ ὠμῶς χρησαμένου· ὥστε τότε πρῶτον αἰσθέσθαι Ῥωμαίους, ὃ τὸν ἄλλον ἅπαντα χρόνον ἠγνόουν, ὅτι τυραννίς ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ δικτάτορος ἀρχή. βουλήν τε γὰρ ἐκ τῶν ἐπιτυχόντων ἀνθρώπων συνέστησε καὶ τὸ τῆς δημαρχίας κράτος εἰς τοὐλάχιστον συνέστειλε καὶ πόλεις ὅλας ἐξῴκισε καὶ βασιλείας τὰς μὲν ἀνεῖλε, τὰς δ´ αὐτὸς ἀπέδειξε, καὶ ἄλλα πολλὰ καὶ αὐθάδη διεπράξατο, περὶ ὧν πολὺ ἂν ἔργον εἴη λέγειν· πολίτας τε χωρὶς τῶν ἐν ταῖς μάχαις ἀπολομένων τοὺς παραδόντας αὐτῷ σφᾶς αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἐλάττους τετρακισμυρίων ἀπέκτεινεν, ὧν τινας καὶ βασάνοις πρῶτον αἰκισάμενος. εἰ μὲν οὖν ἀναγκαίως ἢ συμφερόντως τῷ κοινῷ πάντα ταῦτ´ ἔπραξεν, οὐχ ὁ παρὼν καιρὸς ἐξετάζειν· ὅτι δὲ διὰ ταῦτ´ ἐμισήθη καὶ δεινὸν ἐφάνη τὸ τοῦ δικτάτορος ὄνομα, τοῦτό μοι προὔκειτο ἐπιδεῖξαι. πέφυκε δ´ οὐ ταῖς δυναστείαις τοῦτο μόναις, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις συμβαίνειν τοῖς περιμαχήτοις καὶ θαυμαζομένοις ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ βίου πράγμασι. καλὰ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαντα φαίνεται καὶ συμφέροντα τοῖς χρωμένοις, ὅταν τις αὐτοῖς χρῆται καλῶς, αἰσχρὰ δὲ καὶ ἀσύμφορα, ὅταν πονηροὺς λάβῃ προστάτας. τούτου δ´ ἡ φύσις αἰτία προσθεῖσα τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἅπασι καὶ κῆράς τινας συμφύτους. ἀλλ´ ὑπὲρ μὲν τούτων ἕτερος ἂν εἴη τοῖς λόγοις καιρὸς ἐπιτηδειότερος.

[5,77] After Larcius had effected these things, he brought the army home from the field, and having appointed consuls, laid down his magistracy before the whole term of his power had expired, without having put any of the Romans to death, banished any, or inflicted any other severity on any of them. This enviable example set by Larcius was continued by all who afterwards received this same power till the third generation before ours. Indeed, we find no instance of any one of them in history who did not use it with moderation and as became a citizen, though the commonwealth has often found it necessary to abolish the legal magistracies and to put the whole administration under one man. If, now, in foreign wars alone those who held the dictatorship had shown themselves brave champions of the fatherland, quite uncorrupted by the greatness of their power, it would not be so remarkable; but as it was, all who obtained this great power, whether in times of civil dissensions, which were many and serious, or in order to overthrow those who were suspected of aiming at monarchy or tyranny, or to prevent numberless other calamities, acquitted themselves in a manner free (p235) from reproach, like the first man who received it; so that all men gained the same opinion, and the last hope of safety when all others had been snatched away by some crisis, was the dictatorship. But in the time of our fathers, a full four hundred years after Titus Larcius, the institution became an object of reproach and hatred to all men under L. Cornelius Sulla, the first and only dictator who exercised his power with harshness and cruelty; so the Romans then perceived for the first time what they had along been ignorant of, that the dictatorship is a tyranny. For Sulla composed the senate of commonplace men, reduced the power of the tribunes to the minimum, depopulated whole cities, abolished some kingdoms and established others himself, and was guilty of many other arbitrary acts, which it would be a great task to enumerate. As for the citizens, besides those slain in battle, he put no fewer than forty thousand to death after they had surrendered to him, and some of these after he had first tortured them. 6Whether all these acts of his were necessary or advantageous to the commonwealth the present is not the time to inquire; all I have undertaken to show is that the name of dictator was rendered odious and terrible because of them. This is wont to be the case, not only with positions of power, but also with the other advantages which are eagerly contended for and admired in everyday life. For they all appear noble and profitable to those who hold them when they are used nobly, but base and (p237) unprofitable when they find unprincipled champions. For this result Nature is responsible, which to all good things has attached some congenital evils. But another occasion may be more suitable for discussing this subject.