[7,100] ἐπεὶ οὖν οὐκ ἔστιν ἕκαστον ἀπολαμβάνοντα ἐλέγχειν τοῦ πλήθους, οὐδ´ ἀνερωτᾶν ἅπαντας ἐν μέρει, Τί γὰρ σύ, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, δέδοικας τὴν πενίαν οὕτως πάνυ, τὸν δὲ πλοῦτον ὑπερτιμᾷς, τί δ´ αὖ σὺ ἐλπίζεις κερδανεῖν μέγιστον, ἂν τύχῃς πλουτήσας ἢ νὴ Δία ἔμπορος γενόμενος ἢ καὶ βασιλεύσας; (ἀμήχανον γὰρ δὴ τὸ τοιοῦτον καὶ οὐδαμῶς ἀνυστόν) (7,101) οὕτως οὖν ἐπὶ τοὺς προφήτας αὐτῶν καὶ συνηγόρους, τοὺς ποιητάς, ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἴμεν, ὡς ἐκεῖ φανερὰς καὶ μέτροις κατακεκλειμένας εὑρήσοντες τὰς τῶν πολλῶν δόξας· καὶ δῆτα οὐ πάνυ μοι δοκοῦμεν ἀποτυγχάνειν. (7,102) τοῦτο δὲ σύνηθες δήπου καὶ τοῖς σοφωτέροις, ὃ νῦν ἡμεῖς ποιοῦμεν· ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτοῖς τούτοις τοῖς ἔπεσιν ἀντείρηκε τῶν πάνυ φιλοσόφων τις, ὃν οὐδείς, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, φαίη ἄν ποτε φιλονικοῦντα τούτοις τε ἀντειρηκέναι καὶ τοῖς ὑπὸ Σοφοκλέους εἰς τὸν πλοῦτον εἰρημένοις, ἐκείνοις μὲν ἐπ´ ὀλίγον, τοῖς δὲ τοῦ Σοφοκλέους ἐπὶ πλέον, οὐ μήν, ὥσπερ νῦν ἡμεῖς, διὰ μακρῶν, ἅτε οὐ παραχρῆμα κατὰ πολλὴν ἐξουσίαν διεξιών, ἀλλ´ ἐν βίβλοις γράφων. (7,103) γεωργικοῦ μὲν δὴ πέρι καὶ κυνηγετικοῦ τε καὶ ποιμενικοῦ βίου τάδε πλείω διατριβὴν ἴσως παρασχόντα τοῦ μετρίου λελέχθω, προθυμουμένων ἡμῶν ἁμῃγέπῃ δεῖξαι πενίαν ὡς οὐκ ἄπορον χρῆμα βίου καὶ ζωῆς πρεπούσης ἀνδράσιν ἐλευθέροις αὐτουργεῖν ἐθέλουσιν, ἀλλ´ ἐπὶ κρείττω πολὺ καὶ συμφορώτερα ἔργα καὶ πράξεις ἄγον καὶ μᾶλλον κατὰ φύσιν ἢ ἐφ´ οἷα ὁ πλοῦτος εἴωθε τοὺς πολλοὺς προτρέπειν. (7,104) εἶεν δή, περὶ τῶν ἐν ἄστει καὶ κατὰ πόλιν πενήτων σκεπτέον ἂν εἴη τοῦ βίου καὶ τῶν ἐργασιῶν, πῶς ἂν μάλιστα διάγοντες καὶ ποῖ´ ἄττα μεταχειριζόμενοι δυνήσονται μὴ κακῶς ζῆν μηδὲ φαυλότερον τῶν δανειζόντων ἐπὶ τόκοις συχνοῖς, εὖ μάλ´ ἐπισταμένων τὸν ἡμερῶν τε καὶ μηνῶν ἀριθμόν, καὶ τῶν συνοικίας τε μεγάλας καὶ ναῦς κεκτημένων καὶ ἀνδράποδα πολλά· (7,105) μήποτε σπάνια ᾖ τὰ ἐν ταῖς πόλεσιν ἔργα τοῖς τοιούτοις, ἀφορμῆς τε ἔξωθεν προσδεόμενα, ὅταν οἰκεῖν τε μισθοῦ δέῃ καὶ τἄλλ´ ἔχειν ὠνουμένους, οὐ μόνον ἱμάτια καὶ σκεύη καὶ σῖτον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ξύλα, τῆς γε καθ´ ἡμέραν χρείας ἕνεκα τοῦ πυρός, κἂν φρυγάνων (7,106) δέῃ ποτὲ ἢ φύλλων ἢ ἄλλου ὁτουοῦν τῶν πάνυ φαύλων, δίχα δὲ ὕδατος τὰ ἄλλα σύμπαντα ἀναγκάζωνται λαμβάνειν, τιμὴν κατατιθέντες, ἅτε πάντων κατακλειομένων καὶ μηδενὸς ἐν μέσῳ φαινομένου πλήν γε οἶμαι τῶν ἐπὶ πράσει πολλῶν καὶ τιμίων. τάχα γὰρ φανεῖται χαλεπὸν τοιούτῳ βίῳ διαρκεῖν μηδὲν ἄλλο κτῆμα ἔξω τοῦ σώματος κεκτημένους, ἄλλως τε ὅταν μὴ τὸ τυχὸν ἔργον μηδὲ πάνθ´ ὁμοίως συμβουλεύωμεν αὐτοῖς, ὅθεν ἔστι κερδᾶναι· (7,107) ὥστε ἴσως ἀναγκασθησόμεθα ἐκβαλεῖν ἐκ τῶν πόλεων τῷ λόγῳ τοὺς κομψοὺς πένητας, ἵνα παρέχωμεν τῷ ὄντι καθ´ Ὅμηρον τὰς πόλεις εὖ ναιεταώσας, ὑπὸ μόνων τῶν μακαρίων οἰκουμένας, ἐντὸς δὲ τείχους οὐδένα ἐάσομεν, ὡς ἔοικεν, ἐλεύθερον ἐργάτην. ἀλλὰ τοὺς τοιούτους ἅπαντας τί δράσομεν; ἢ διασπείραντες ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ κατοικιοῦμεν, καθάπερ Ἀθηναίους φασὶ νέμεσθαι καθ´ ὅλην τὴν Ἀττικὴν τὸ παλαιόν, καὶ πάλιν ὕστερον τυραννήσαντος Πεισιστράτου; (7,108) οὔκουν οὐδὲ ἐκείνοις ἀξύμφορος ἡ τοιαύτη δίαιτα ἐγένετο, οὐδὲ ἀγεννεῖς ἤνεγκε φύσεις πολιτῶν, ἀλλὰ τῷ παντὶ βελτίους καὶ σωφρονεστέρους τῶν ἐν ἄστει τρεφομένων ὕστερον ἐκκλησιαστῶν καὶ δικαστῶν καὶ γραμματέων, ἀργῶν ἅμα καὶ βαναύσων. οὔκουν ὁ κίνδυνος μέγας οὐδὲ χαλεπός, εἰ πάντες οὗτοι καὶ πάντα τρόπον ἄγροικοι ἔσονται· οἶμαι δ´ ὅμως αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἀπορήσειν οὐδὲ ἐν ἄστει τροφῆς. (7,109) ἀλλὰ ἴδωμεν πόσα καὶ ἅττα πράττοντες ἐπιεικῶς ἡμῖν διάξουσιν, ἵνα μὴ πολλάκις ἀναγκασθῶσιν ἀργοὶ καθήμενοι πρός τι τῶν φαύλων τραπῆναι. αἱ μὲν δὴ σύμπασαι κατὰ πόλιν ἐργασίαι καὶ τέχναι πολλαὶ καὶ παντοδαπαί, σφόδρα τε λυσιτελεῖς ἔνιαι τοῖς χρωμένοις, ἐάν τις τὸ λυσιτελὲς σκοπῇ πρὸς ἀργύριον.

[7,100] Since, then, it is not possible to take each member of the multitude aside and show him his error or to cross-question everybody in turn by saying, "How is it, sir, that you fear poverty so exceedingly and exalt riches so highly?" and again, "What great profit do you expect to win if you happen to have amassed wealth or, let us say, to have turned merchant or even become a king?" Such a procedure would involve infinite trouble and (p343) is altogether impracticable. 101 Therefore, because we must, let us go to their prophets and spokesmen, the poets, with the conviction that we shall find among them the beliefs of the many clearly put and enshrined in verse; and in truth I do not think that we fall very far short of our object in so doing. 102 And our present procedure, I believe, is the usual one even with men wiser than myself. Indeed, one very great philosopher has expressly contradicted the sentiments contained in these same lines of Euripides, and he is a man whom I think no one would ever accuse of contradicting them and Sophocles' words about wealth in any spirit of captiousness. He objects briefly in the former instance but in more detail in the case of Sophocles, and yet not at great length as we are now doing, since he was not discussing the question ex tempore with an orator's full privilege but was writing in a book. 103 Now so much for the life of the farmer, the hunter, and the shepherd. Perhaps I have spent more time on this theme than I should have done, but I desired to show in some way or other that poverty is no hopeless impediment to a life and existence befitting free men who are willing to work with their hands, but leads them on to deeds and actions that are far better and more useful and more in accordance with nature than those to which riches are wont to attract most men. 104 Well then, it would now be our duty to consider the life and occupations (p345) of poor men who live in the capital or some other city, and see by what routine of life and what pursuits they will be able to live a really good life, one not inferior to that of men who lend out money at excessive rates of interest and understand very well the calculation of days and months, nor to that of those who own large tenement houses and ships and slaves in great numbers! 105 For the poor of this type suitable work may perhaps be hard to find in the cities, and will need to be supplemented by outside resources when they have to pay house- rent and buy everything they get, not merely clothes, household belongings, and food, but even the wood to supply the daily need for fire, and even any odd sticks, leaves, or other most trifling thing they need at any time, 106 and when they are compelled to pay money for everything but water, since everything is kept under lock and key, and nothing is exposed to the public except, of course, the many expensive things for sale. It will perhaps seem hard for men to subsist under such conditions who have no other possession than their own bodies, especially as we do not advise them to take any kind of work that offers or all kinds indiscriminately from which it is possible to make some money. 107 So perhaps we shall be forced in our discussion to banish the respectable poor from the cities in order to make our cities in reality cities "well-inhabited," as Homer calls them, where only the prosperous dwell, and we shall not allow any free labourer, apparently, within the walls. But what shall we do with all these poor people? Shall we scatter them in settlements in the country as the Athenians are said to have been (p347) spread all over Attica in early times and again later when Peisistratus became tyrant? 108 That mode of life did not prove disadvantageous to the Athenians of that time, nor did it produce a degenerate breed of citizens either, but men in every way better and more temperate than those who later on got their living in the city as ecclesiasts, jurymen, and clerks — a lazy and at the same time ignoble crowd. It will not, therefore, cause any great and dire peril if all these respectable poor shall become by any end and every means rustics, but nevertheless I think that even in the city they will not fail to make a living. 109 But let us see what the variety and nature of the occupations are which they are to follow in order to live in what we believe is the proper way and not be often compelled to turn to something unworthy because they are out of work. The occupations and trades in the city, if all are taken into consideration, are many and of all kinds, and some of them are very profitable for those who engage in them if one thinks of money when he says "profitable."