Texte grec :
| [36,40] τὸ δὲ ἰσχυρὸν καὶ τέλειον ἅρμα τὸ Διὸς οὐδεὶς ἄρα
ὕμνησεν ἀξίως τῶν τῇδε οὔτε Ὅμηρος οὔτε Ἡσίοδος, ἀλλὰ Ζωροάστρης
καὶ μάγων παῖδες ᾄδουσι παρ´ ἐκείνου μαθόντες· ὃν Πέρσαι
λέγουσιν ἔρωτι σοφίας καὶ δικαιοσύνης ἀποχωρήσαντα τῶν ἄλλων
καθ´ αὑτὸν ἐν ὄρει τινὶ ζῆν· ἔπειτα ἁφθῆναι τὸ ὄρος πυρὸς ἄνωθεν
πολλοῦ κατασκήψαντος συνεχῶς τε κάεσθαι. τὸν οὖν βασιλέα
σὺν τοῖς ἐλλογιμωτάτοις Περσῶν ἀφικνεῖσθαι πλησίον, βουλόμενον
εὔξασθαι τῷ θεῷ· καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα ἐξελθεῖν ἐκ τοῦ πυρὸς ἀπαθῆ, φανέντα
δὲ αὐτοῖς ἵλεων θαρρεῖν κελεῦσαι καὶ θῦσαι θυσίας τινάς,
ὡς ἥκοντος εἰς τὸν τόπον τοῦ θεοῦ.
(36,41) συγγίγνεσθαί τε μετὰ ταῦτα οὐχ ἅπασιν,
ἀλλὰ τοῖς ἄριστα πρὸς ἀλήθειαν πεφυκόσι καὶ τοῦ
θεοῦ ξυνιέναι δυναμένοις, οὓς Πέρσαι μάγους ἐκάλεσαν, ἐπισταμένους θεραπεύειν τὸ δαιμόνιον, οὐχ ὡς Ἕλληνες ἀγνοίᾳ τοῦ ὀνόματος
οὕτως ὀνομάζουσιν ἀνθρώπους γόητας. ἐκεῖνοι δὲ τά τε
ἄλλα δρῶσι κατὰ λόγους ἱεροὺς καὶ δὴ τῷ Διὶ τρέφουσιν ἅρμα
Νισαίων ἵππων· οἱ δέ εἰσι κάλλιστοι καὶ μέγιστοι τῶν κατὰ τὴν
Ἀσίαν· τῷ δέ γε Ἡλίῳ ἕνα ἵππον.
(36,42) ἐξηγοῦνται δὲ τὸν μῦθον οὐχ
ὥσπερ οἱ παρ´ ἡμῖν προφῆται τῶν Μουσῶν ἕκαστα φράζουσι
μετὰ πολλῆς πειθοῦς, ἀλλὰ μάλα αὐθαδῶς. εἶναι γὰρ δὴ τοῦ
ξύμπαντος μίαν ἀγωγήν τε καὶ ἡνιόχησιν ὑπὸ τῆς ἄκρας ἐμπειρίας
τε καὶ ῥώμης γιγνομένην ἀεί, καὶ ταύτην ἄπαυστον ἐν ἀπαύστοις
αἰῶνος περιόδοις. τοὺς δὲ Ἡλίου καὶ Σελήνης δρόμους, καθάπερ
εἶπον, μερῶν εἶναι κινήσεις, ὅθεν ὑπ´ ἀνθρώπων ὁρᾶσθαι σαφέστερον.
τῆς δὲ τοῦ ξύμπαντος κινήσεως καὶ φορᾶς μὴ ξυνιέναι
τοὺς πολλούς, ἀλλ´ ἀγνοεῖν τὸ μέγεθος τοῦδε τοῦ ἀγῶνος.
(36,43) τὸ δὴ
μετὰ τοῦτο αἰσχύνομαι φράζειν τῶν ἵππων πέρι καὶ τῆς ἡνιοχήσεως,
ὅπως ἐξηγούμενοι λέγουσιν, οὐ πάνυ τι φροντίζοντες ὅμοιόν σφισι
γίγνεσθαι πανταχῇ τὸ τῆς εἰκόνος. ἴσως γὰρ ἂν φαινοίμην ἄτοπος
παρὰ Ἑλληνικά τε καὶ χαρίεντα ᾄσματα βαρβαρικὸν ᾆσμα ἐπᾴδων·
ὅμως δὲ τολμητέον. φασὶ τῶν ἵππων τὸν πρῶτον ἄνωθεν ἀπείρῳ
διαφέρειν κάλλει τε καὶ μεγέθει καὶ ταχυτῆτι, ἅτε ἔξωθεν περιτρέχοντα
τὸ μήκιστον τοῦ δρόμου, αὐτοῦ Ζηνὸς ἱερόν· πτηνὸν δὲ
εἶναι· τὴν δὲ χρόαν λαμπρόν, αὐγῆς τῆς καθαρωτάτης· τὸν δὲ
Ἥλιον ἐν αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν Σελήνην σημεῖα προφανῆ ὁρᾶσθαι, ὥσπερ
οἶμαι καὶ τῶνδε τῶν ἵππων ἐστὶ σημεῖα, τὰ μὲν μηνοειδῆ, τὰ δὲ ἀλλοῖα.
(36,44) ταῦτα δὲ ὑφ´ ἡμῶν ὁρᾶσθαι συνεστραμμένα, καθάπερ
ἐν αὐγῇ λαμπρᾷ φλογὸς σπινθῆρας ἰσχυροὺς διαθέοντας, ἰδίαν
δὲ κίνησιν ἔχειν καθ´ αὑτά. καὶ τἄλλα ἄστρα δι´ ἐκείνου φαινόμενα
καὶ ξύμπαντα ἐκείνου πεφυκότα μέρη τὰ μὲν περιφέρεσθαι
σὺν αὐτῷ μίαν ταύτην ἔχοντα κίνησιν, τὰ δὲ ἄλλους θεῖν δρόμους.
τυγχάνειν δὲ παρὰ τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ταῦτα μὲν ἰδίου ἕκαστον ὀνόματος·
τὰ δὲ ἄλλα κατὰ πλῆθος ἀθρόα, διανενεμημένα εἴς τινα
σχήματα καὶ μορφάς.
(36,45) ὁ μὲν δὴ λαμπρότατος ἵππος καὶ ποικιλώτατος
αὐτῷ τε Διὶ προσφιλέστατος, ὧδέ πως ὑμνούμενος ὑπ´
αὐτῶν, θυσίας τε καὶ τιμὰς ἅτε πρῶτος εἰκότως πρώτας ἔλαχεν·
δεύτερος δὲ μετ´ ἐκεῖνον ἁπτόμενος αὐτοῦ καὶ πλησιώτατος Ἥρας
ἐπώνυμος, εὐήνιος καὶ μαλακός, πολὺ δὲ ἥττων κατά τε ῥώμην
καὶ τάχος. χροιὰν δὲ τῇ μὲν αὑτοῦ φύσει μέλας, φαιδρύνεται δὲ
ἀεὶ τὸ καταλαμπόμενον Ἡλίῳ· τὸ δὲ σκιασθὲν ἐν τῇ περιφορᾷ
τὴν αὑτοῦ μεταλαμβάνει τῆς χρόας ἰδέαν.
(36,46) τρίτος Ποσειδῶνος
ἱερός, τοῦ δευτέρου βραδύτερος. τούτου δὲ μυθολογοῦσιν εἴδωλον
οἱ ποιηταὶ γενέσθαι παρ´ ἀνθρώποις, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖν, ὅντινα ὀνομάζουσι
Πήγασον, καί φασιν ἀνεῖναι κρήνην ἐν Κορίνθῳ χαράξαντα
τῇ ὁπλῇ. ὁ δὲ δὴ τέταρτος εἰκάσαι πάντων ἀτοπώτατος, στερεός
τε καὶ ἀκίνητος, οὐχ ὅπως πτερωτός, ἐπώνυμος Ἑστίας. ὅμως δὲ
οὐκ ἀποτρέπονται τῆς εἰκόνος, ἀλλὰ ἐνεζεῦχθαί φασι καὶ τοῦτον
τῷ ἅρματι, μένειν δὲ κατὰ χώραν χαλινὸν ἀδάμαντος ἐνδακόντα.
(36,47) συνερείδειν δὲ πανταχόθεν αὑτῷ τοῖς μέρεσι, καὶ τὼ δύο τὼ πλησίον
ὁμοίως πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐγκλίνειν, ἀτεχνῶς ἐπιπίπτοντε καὶ ὠθουμένω·
τὸν δὲ ἐξωτάτω {πρῶτον} ἀεὶ περὶ τὸν ἑστῶτα ὡς νύσσαν φέρεσθαι.
τὸ μὲν οὖν πολὺ μετ´ εἰρήνης καὶ φιλίας διατελοῦσιν ἀβλαβεῖς
ὑπ´ ἀλλήλων. ἤδη δέ ποτε ἐν μήκει χρόνου καὶ πολλαῖς περιόδοις
ἰσχυρὸν ἆσθμα τοῦ πρώτου προσπεσὸν ἄνωθεν, οἷα δὴ θυμοειδοῦς,
ἐθέρμηνε τοὺς ἄλλους, σφοδρότερόν γε μὴν τὸν τελευταῖον·
τήν τε δὴ χαίτην περιέφλεξεν αὐτοῦ, ᾗ μάλιστα ἠγάλλετο, καὶ τὸν
ἅπαντα κόσμον.
(36,48) τοῦτο δὲ τὸ πάθος ἅπαξ Ἕλληνας μνημονεύοντάς
φασι Φαέθοντι προσάπτειν, οὐ δυναμένους μέμφεσθαι τὴν Διὸς
ἡνιόχησιν, τούς τε Ἡλίου δρόμους οὐκ ἐθέλοντας ψέγειν. διό φασι
νεώτερον ἡνίοχον, Ἡλίου παῖδα θνητόν, ἐπιθυμήσαντα χαλεπῆς
καὶ ἀξυμφόρου πᾶσι τοῖς θνητοῖς παιδιᾶς, αἰτησάμενον παρὰ τοῦ
πατρὸς ἐπιστῆναι τῷ δίφρῳ, φερόμενόν τε ἀτάκτως πάντα καταφλέξαι
ζῷα καὶ φυτά, καὶ τέλος αὐτὸν διαφθαρῆναι πληγέντα ὑπὸ
κρείττονος πυρός.
(36,49) πάλιν δὲ ὅταν διὰ πλειόνων ἐτῶν ὁ Νυμφῶν
καὶ Ποσειδῶνος ἱερὸς πῶλος ἐπαναστῇ, παρὰ τὸ σύνηθες ἀγωνιάσας
καὶ ταραχθείς, ἱδρῶτι πολλῷ κατέκλυσε τὸν αὐτὸν τοῦτον ἅτε
ὁμόζυγα· πειρᾶται δὴ τῆς ἐναντίας τῇ πρότερον φθορᾷ, ὕδατι πολλῷ
χειμαζόμενος. καὶ τοιοῦτον ἕνα χειμῶνα διηγεῖσθαι τοὺς Ἕλληνας
ὑπὸ νεότητός τε καὶ μνήμης ἀσθενοῦς, καὶ {λέγουσι} Δευκαλίωνα
βασιλεύοντα τότε σφίσιν ἀρκέσαι πρὸ τῆς παντελοῦς φθορᾶς.
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Traduction française :
| [36,40] "But the mighty, perfect chariot of Zeus has never been praised as it deserves by
any of the poets of our land, either by Homer or by Hesiod; and yet Zoroaster sings
of it, as do the children of the Magi, who learned the song from him. For the Persians
say that Zoroaster, because of a passion for wisdom and justice, deserted his fellows
and dwelt by himself on a certain mountain; and they say that thereupon the
mountain caught fire, a mighty flame descending from the sky above, and that it
burned unceasingly. So then the king and the most distinguished of his Persians drew
near for the purpose of praying to the god; and Zoroaster came forth from the fire
unscathed, and, showing himself gracious toward them, bade them to be of good
cheer and to offer certain sacrifices in recognition of the god's having come to that
place. 41 And thereafter, so they say, Zoroaster has associated, not with them all, but
only with such as are best endowed with regard to the truth, and are best able to
understand the god, men whom the Persians have named Magi, that is to say, people
who know how to cultivate the divine power, not like the Greeks, who in their
ignorance use the term to denote wizards. And all else that those Magi do is in
accordance with sacred sayings, and in particular they maintain for Zeus a team of
Nisaean horses — (p459) and these horses are the finest and largest to be found in Asia
— but for Helius they maintain only a single horse.
42 "These Magi narrate their myth, not in the manner of our prophets of the Muses,
who merely present each detail with much plausibility, but rather with stubborn
insistence upon its truthfulness. For they assert that the universe is constantly being
propelled and driven along a single path, as by a charioteer endowed with highest
skill and power, and that this movement goes on unceasingly in unceasing cycles of
time. And the coursing of Helius and Selenê, according to their account, is the
movement of portions of the whole, and for that reason it is more clearly perceived by
mankind. And they add that the movement and revolution of the universe as a whole
is not perceptible to the majority of mankind, but that, on the contrary, they are
ignorant of the magnitude of this contest.
43 "What follows regarding the horses and their driving I really am ashamed to tell in
the manner in which the Magi set it forth in their narrative, since they are not very
much concerned to secure consistency at all points in their presentation of the
picture. In fact, quite possibly I may appear absurd when, in contrast with Greek lays
of grace and charm, I chant one that is barbarian; but still I must make the venture.
"According to the Magi, that one of the horses (p461) which is the highest in the
heavens is immeasurably superior in beauty, size, and speed, since it has the outside
track and runs the longest course, a horse sacred to Zeus himself. Furthermore, it is a
winged creature, brilliant in colour with the brilliance of the purest flame; and in it
Helius and Selenê are to be seen as conspicuous signs or marks — like, I fancy, the
marks which horses bear here on earth, some crescent-shaped and some of other
patterns. 44 And they say that these 'marks' appear to us to be in close array, as it were
great sparks of fire darting about in the midst of brilliant light, and yet that each has
its own independent motion. Furthermore, the other stars also which are visible
through that Horse of Zeus, one and all being natural parts of it, in some instances
revolve along with it and have the same motion, and in others follow different tracks.
And they add that among men these stars which are associated with the Horse of
Zeus have each its own particular name; whereas the rest are treated collectively in
groups, distributed so as to form certain figures or patterns.
45 "Well then, the horse that is most brilliant and most spangled with stars and
dearest to Zeus himself, being praised by the Magi in their hymns for some such
attributes as these, quite properly stands first in sacrifice and worship as being truly
first. Next in order after that, in closest contact with the Horse of Zeus, comes one
that bears the name of Hera, a horse obedient to the rein and gentle, but far inferior
in strength and speed. In colour this horse is of its own nature black, but that portion
which receives the light of Helius is regularly bright, whereas where it is (p463) in
shadow in its revolution it has its own proper colour. 46 Third comes a horse that is
sacred to Poseidon, still slower than the second. Regarding this steed the poets have
a myth to the effect that its counterpart appeared among men — he whom they call
Pegasus, methinks — and they claim that he caused a fountain to burst forth at
Corinth by pawing with his hoof. But the fourth is the strangest conception of them
all, a horse both firm and immovable, to say nothing of its having no wings, and it is
named after Hestia. However, the Magi do not shrink from its portrayal; on the
contrary, they state that this steed also is harnessed to the chariot, and yet it remains
immovable, champing its adamantine curb. 47 And from all sides the other horses
press close to him with their bodies and the pair that are his neighbours swerve
toward him abreast, falling upon him, as it were, and crowding him, yet the horse
that is farthest off is ever first to round that stationary steed as horses round the
turn in the hippodrome.
"Now for the most part the horses continue in peace and friendship, unharmed by
one another. But on one occasion in the past, in the course of a long space of time and
many revolutions of the universe, a mighty blast from the first horse fell from on
high, (p465) and, as might have been expected from such a fiery-tempered steed,
inflamed the others, and more especially the last in order; and the fire encompassed
not alone its mane, which formed its personal pride, but the whole universe as well.
48 And the Magi say that the Greeks, recording this experience as an isolated
occurrence, connect it with the name of Phaethon, since they are unable to criticize
the driving of Zeus and are loath to find fault with the coursings of Helius. And so
they relate that a younger driver, a mortal son of Helius, desiring a sport that was to
prove grievous and disastrous for all mankind, besought his father to let him mount
his car and, plunging along in disorderly fashion, consumed with fire everything, both
animals and plants, and finally was himself destroyed, being smitten by too powerful
a flame.
49 "Again, when at intervals of several years the horse that is sacred to Poseidon and
the Nymphs rebels, having become panic-stricken and agitated beyond his wont, he
overwhelms with copious sweat that same steed, since they two are yoke-mates.
Accordingly it meets with fate which is the opposite of the disaster previously
mentioned, this time being deluged with a mighty flood. And the Magi state that here
again the Greeks, through youthful ignorance and faulty memory, record this flood as
a single occurrence and claim that Deucalion, who was then king, saved them from
complete destruction.
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