[10,57] Τῷ δ´ ἑξῆς ἔτει παραλαβόντες οἱ νομοθέται τὰ πράγματα πολιτείας κόσμον τοιόνδε τινὰ καθίστανται· εἷς μὲν αὐτῶν τάς τε ῥάβδους καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ παράσημα τῆς ὑπατικῆς εἶχεν ἐξουσίας, ὃς βουλήν τε συνεκάλει καὶ δόγματα ἐπεκύρου καὶ τἆλλα ἔπραττεν, ὅσα ἡγεμόνι προσῆκεν· οἱ δ´ ἄλλοι συστέλλοντες ἐπὶ τὸ δημοτικώτερον τὸ τῆς ἐξουσίας ἐπίφθονον ὀλίγῳ τινὶ διήλλαττον ὀφθῆναι τῶν πολλῶν· εἶτ´ αὖθις ἕτερος αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τὴν ἐξουσίαν καθίστατο, καὶ τοῦτ´ ἐκ περιτροπῆς ἐγίνετο παραλλὰξ ἐπ´ ἐνιαυτὸν ἑκάστου τὴν ἡγεμονίαν παραλαμβάνοντος εἰς συγκείμενόν τινα ἡμερῶν ἀριθμόν. ἅπαντες δ´ ἐξ ἑωθινοῦ καθεζόμενοι διῄτων τὰ ἰδιωτικὰ συμβόλαια καὶ τὰ δημόσια, ὁπόσα πρός τε ὑπηκόους καὶ συμμάχους καὶ τοὺς ἐνδοιαστῶς ἀκροωμένους τῆς πόλεως ἐγκλήματα τυγχάνοι γινόμενα, μετὰ πάσης ἀνασκοποῦντες ἕκαστα ἐπιεικείας τε καὶ δικαιοσύνης. ἐδόκει δὲ ἄριστα τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν ἐκεῖνον ἡ Ῥωμαίων πόλις ὑπὸ τῆς δεκαδαρχίας ἐπιτροπευθῆναι. μάλιστα δ´ αὐτῶν ἐπῃνεῖτο ἡ τοῦ δημοτικοῦ πρόνοια καὶ πρὸς ἅπαν τὸ βίαιον ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων ἀντίταξις· ἐλέχθη τε ὑπὸ πολλῶν, ὡς οὐδὲν ἔτι δεήσοι δήμου προστατῶν οὐδὲ τῶν ἄλλων ἀρχείων τῇ πόλει μιᾶς διοικούσης ἅπαντα ἡγεμονίας σώφρονος, ἧς ἀρχηγὸς Ἄππιος εἶναι ἐδόκει. καὶ τὸν ὑπὲρ ὅλης τῆς δεκαδαρχίας ἔπαινον ἐκεῖνος ἐφέρετο παρὰ τοῦ δήμου. οὐ γὰρ μόνον ἃ μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἔπραττεν ἀπὸ τοῦ κρατίστου χρηστότητος ἔφερεν αὐτῷ δόκησιν, ἀλλὰ πολὺ μᾶλλον ἃ κατ´ ἰδίαν ἐπιτηδεύων διετέλει, κατά τ´ ἀσπασμοὺς καὶ προσαγορεύσεις φιλανθρώπους καὶ τὰς ἄλλας τῶν πενήτων φιλοφρονήσεις. οὗτοι οἱ δέκα ἄνδρες συγγράψαντες νόμους ἔκ τε τῶν Ἑλληνικῶν νόμων καὶ τῶν παρὰ σφίσιν αὐτοῖς ἀγράφων ἐθισμῶν προὔθηκαν ἐν δέκα δέλτοις τῷ βουλομένῳ σκοπεῖν, δεχόμενοι πᾶσαν ἐπανόρθωσιν ἰδιωτῶν καὶ πρὸς τὴν κοινὴν εὐαρέστησιν ἀπευθύνοντες τὰ γραφέντα. καὶ μέχρι πολλοῦ διετέλεσαν ἐν κοινῷ μετὰ τῶν ἀρίστων ἀνδρῶν συνεδρεύοντες καὶ τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην ποιούμενοι τῆς νομοθεσίας ἐξέτασιν. ἐπειδὴ δ´ ἀποχρώντως ἐφαίνετο αὐτοῖς τὰ γραφέντα ἔχειν, πρῶτον μὲν τὴν βουλὴν συναγαγόντες οὐθενὸς ἔτι μεμφομένου τοῖς νόμοις προβούλευμα περὶ αὐτῶν ἐκύρωσαν. ἔπειτα τὸν δῆμον καλέσαντες εἰς τὴν λοχῖτιν ἐκκλησίαν ἱερομνημόνων τε καὶ οἰωνιστῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἱερέων παρόντων καὶ τὰ θεῖα ὡς νόμος ἐξηγησαμένων ἀνέδωκαν τοῖς λόχοις τὰς ψήφους. ἐπικυρώσαντος δὲ καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοὺς νόμους, στήλαις χαλκαῖς ἐγχαράξαντες αὐτοὺς ἐφεξῆς ἔθεσαν ἐν ἀγορᾷ τὸν ἐπιφανέστατον ἐκλεξάμενοι τόπον. καὶ ἐπειδὴ βραχὺς ὁ τῆς ἀρχῆς αὐτοῖς χρόνος ὁ λειπόμενος ἦν, συναγαγόντες τοὺς βουλευτὰς προὔθεσαν ὑπὲρ ἀρχαιρεσίων οἷα χρὴ γενέσθαι σκοπεῖν.

[10,57] The next year the lawgivers took over the administration of affairs and established a form of government of the following general description. One of them had the rods and the other insignia of the consular power, assembled the senate, certified its decrees, and performed all the other functions belonging to the head of the state; while the others, by way of reducing the invidious character of their office to the more democratic level, differed in appearance but little from the mass of citizens. Then another of them in turn was vested with this authority, (p357) and thus it went on in rotation for a year, each one in succession receiving the command for a certain number of days as agreed upon. But all of them sat from early morning arbitrating cases involving private and public contracts in which complaints might arise between citizens and the subjects and allies of the Romans and peoples of doubtful allegiance to Rome, examining each case with complete fairness and justice. That year the Roman commonwealth seemed to be exceedingly well governed by the decemvirs. Above all they were commended for their care of the plebeians and for opposing, in defence of the weaker parties, every kind of violence; and it was said by many that the commonwealth would have no further need of champions of the populace or any of the other magistracies so long as a single wise leadership was directing all the affairs of the state. Of this régime Appius was looked upon as the head, and all the praise that belonged to the whole decemvirate was given by the populace to him. For he gained a reputation for probity not only by those things which he did in concert with his colleagues from the best motives, but much more by the manner in which he conducted himself personally, as in the matter of greetings, friendly conversation and other kindly courtesies toward the poor. These decemvirs, having formed a body of laws both from those of the Greeks and from their own unwritten usages, set them forth on ten tables to be examined by any who wished, welcoming every amendment suggested by private persons and endeavouring (p359) to correct them in such a manner as to give general satisfaction. For a long time they continued to consult in public with the best men and to make the strictest scrutiny of their code of laws. When they were satisfied with what was written, they first convened the senate and, no fresh objection being made to the laws, they got a preliminary decree passed concerning them. Then, having summoned the people to the centuriate assembly, the pontiffs, the augurs and the other priests being present and having directed the performance of the religious rites according to custom, they gave the centuries their ballots. And when the people too had ratified the laws, they caused them to be engraved on bronze pillars and set them up in order in the Forum, choosing the most conspicuous place. Then, as the remaining time of their magistracy was short, they assembled the senators and proposed for their consideration what kind of magistrates should be chosen at the next election.