[5,17] Τοιοῦτο μὲν ἡ μάχη τέλος ἔλαβεν· τῇ δ´ ἑξῆς ἡμέρᾳ σκυλεύσαντες οἱ Ῥωμαῖοι τοὺς τῶν πολεμίων νεκροὺς καὶ τοὺς ἑαυτῶν θάψαντες ἀπῄεσαν. τὸ δὲ Βρούτου σῶμα ἀράμενοι μετὰ πολλῶν ἐπαίνων τε καὶ δακρύων εἰς τὴν Ῥώμην ἀπεκόμιζον οἱ κράτιστοι τῶν ἱππέων στεφάνοις κεκοσμημένον ἀριστείοις. ὑπήντα δ´ αὐτοῖς ἥ τε βουλὴ θριάμβου καταγωγῇ ψηφισαμένη κοσμῆσαι τὸν ἡγεμόνα, καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἅπας κρατῆρσι καὶ τραπέζαις ὑποδεχόμενος τὴν στρατιάν. ὡς δ´ εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἀφίκοντο, πομπεύσας ὁ ὕπατος, ὡς τοῖς βασιλεῦσιν ἔθος ἦν, ὅτε τὰς τροπαιφόρους πομπάς τε καὶ θυσίας ἐπιτελοῖεν, καὶ τὰ σκῦλα τοῖς θεοῖς ἀναθείς, ἐκείνην μὲν τὴν ἡμέραν ἱερὰν ἀνῆκε καὶ τοὺς ἐπιφανεστάτους τῶν πολιτῶν ἑστιάσει {προθεὶς} ὑπεδέχετο· τῇ δ´ ἑξῆς ἡμέρᾳ φαιὰν ἐσθῆτα λαβὼν καὶ τὸ Βρούτου σῶμα προθεὶς ἐν ἀγορᾷ κεκοσμημένον ἐπὶ στρωμνῆς ἐκπρεποῦς συνεκάλει τὸν δῆμον εἰς ἐκκλησίαν καὶ προελθὼν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα τὸν ἐπιτάφιον ἔλεξεν ἐπ´ αὐτῷ λόγον. εἰ μὲν οὖν Οὐαλέριος πρῶτος κατεστήσατο τὸν νόμον τόνδε Ῥωμαίοις ἢ κείμενον ὑπὸ τῶν βασιλέων παρέλαβεν, οὐκ ἔχω τὸ σαφὲς εἰπεῖν· ὅτι δὲ Ῥωμαίων ἐστὶν ἀρχαῖον εὕρεμα τὸ παρὰ τὰς ταφὰς τῶν ἐπισήμων ἀνδρῶν ἐπαίνους τῆς ἀρετῆς αὐτῶν λέγεσθαι καὶ οὐχ Ἕλληνες αὐτὸ κατεστήσαντο πρῶτοι, παρὰ τῆς κοινῆς ἱστορίας οἶδα μαθών, ἣν ποιητῶν τε οἱ παλαιότατοι καὶ συγγραφέων οἱ λογιώτατοι παραδεδώκασιν. ἀγῶνας μὲν γὰρ ἐπιταφίους τιθεμένους ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐνδόξοις ἀνδράσι γυμνικούς τε καὶ ἱππικοὺς ὑπὸ τῶν προσηκόντων ἱστορήκασιν, ὡς ὑπό τ´ Ἀχιλλέως ἐπὶ Πατρόκλῳ καὶ ἔτι πρότερον ὑφ´ Ἡρακλέους ἐπὶ Πέλοπι· ἐπαίνους δὲ λεγομένους ἐπ´ αὐτοῖς οὐ γράφουσιν ἔξω τῶν Ἀθήνησι τραγῳδοποιῶν, οἳ κολακεύοντες τὴν πόλιν ἐπὶ τοῖς ὑπὸ Θησέως θαπτομένοις καὶ τοῦτ´ ἐμύθευσαν. ὀψὲ γάρ ποτε Ἀθηναῖοι προσέθεσαν τὸν ἐπιτάφιον ἔπαινον τῷ νόμῳ, εἴτ´ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐπ´ Ἀρτεμισίῳ καὶ περὶ Σαλαμῖνα καὶ ἐν Πλαταιαῖς ὑπὲρ τῆς πατρίδος ἀποθανόντων ἀρξάμενοι, εἴτ´ ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ Μαραθῶνα ἔργων. ὑστερεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰ Μαραθώνια τῆς Βρούτου ταφῆς, εἰ δὴ ἀπὸ τούτων πρώτων ἤρξαντο οἱ ἔπαινοι λέγεσθαι τοῖς ἀπογενομένοις, ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτεσιν. εἰ δέ τις ἐάσας σκοπεῖν, οἵ τινες ἦσαν οἱ πρῶτοι τοὺς ἐπιταφίους ἐπαίνους καταστησάμενοι, τὸν νόμον αὐτὸν ἐφ´ ἑαυτοῦ βουληθείη καταμαθεῖν, παρ´ ὁποτέροις ἄμεινον ἔχει, τοσούτῳ φρονιμώτερον εὑρήσει παρὰ τοῖσδε κείμενον αὐτὸν ἢ παρ´ ἐκείνοις, ὅσῳ γ´ Ἀθηναῖοι μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς ἐκ τῶν πολέμων θαπτομένοις καταστήσασθαι τοὺς ἐπιταφίους ἀγορεύεσθαι λόγους δοκοῦσιν ἐκ μιᾶς τῆς περὶ τὸν θάνατον ἀρετῆς, κἂν τἆλλα φαῦλος γένηταί τις, ἐξετάζειν οἰόμενοι δεῖν τοὺς ἀγαθούς· Ῥωμαῖοι δὲ πᾶσι τοῖς ἐνδόξοις ἀνδράσιν, ἐάν τε πολέμων ἡγεμονίας λαβόντες ἐάν τε πολιτικῶν ἔργων προστασίας συνετὰ βουλεύματα καὶ πράξεις ἀποδείξωνται καλάς, ταύτην ἔταξαν εἶναι τὴν τιμήν, οὐ μόνον τοῖς κατὰ πόλεμον ἀποθανοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς ὁποιᾳδήποτε χρησαμένοις τοῦ βίου τελευτῇ, ἐξ ἁπάσης τῆς περὶ τὸν βίον ἀρετῆς οἰόμενοι δεῖν ἐπαινεῖσθαι τοὺς ἀγαθούς, οὐκ ἐκ μιᾶς τῆς περὶ τὸν θάνατον εὐκλείας.

[5,17] Such was the outcome of the battle. The next day the Romans, having stripped the enemy's dead and buried their own, returned home. The bravest of the knight took up the body of Brutus and with many praises and tears bore it back to Rome, adorned with crowns in token of his superior valour. They were met by the senate, which had decreed a triumph in honour of their leader, and also by all the people, who received the army with bowls of wine and tables spread with viands. When they came into the city, the consul triumphed according to the custom followed by the kings when they conducted the trophy-bearing processions and the sacrifices, and having consecrated the spoils to the gods, he observed that day as sacred and gave a banquet to the most distinguished of the citizens. But on the next day he arrayed himself in dark clothing, and placing the body of Brutus, suitably adorned, upon a magnificent bier in the Forum, he called the people together in assembly, and advancing to the tribunal, delivered the funeral oration in his honour. Whether Valerius was the first who introduced this custom among the Romans or whether he found it already established by the kings and adopted it, I cannot say for certain; but I do know from my acquaintance with universal history, as handed down by the most ancient poets and the most celebrated historians, that it was an ancient custom instituted by the Romans to celebrate the virtues of illustrious men at their funerals and that the Greeks were not the authors of it. For (p55) although these writers have given accounts of funeral games, both gymnastic and equestrian, held in honour of famous men by their friends, as by Achilles for Patroclus and, before that, by Heracles for Pelops, yet none of them makes any mention of eulogies spoken over the deceased except the tragic poets at Athens, who, out of flattery to their city, invented this legend also in the case of those who were buried by Theseus. For it was only at some late period that the Athenians added to their custom the funeral oration, having instituted it either in honour of those who died in defence of their country at Artemisium, Salamis and Plataea, or on account of the deeds performed at Marathon. But even the affair at Marathon — if, indeed, the eulogies delivered in honour of the deceased really began with that occasion — was later than the funeral of Brutus by sixteen years. However, if anyone, without stopping to investigate who were the first to introduce these funeral orations, desires to consider the custom in itself and to learn in which of the two nations it is seen at its best, he will find that it is observed more wisely among the Romans than among the Athenians. For, whereas the Athenians seem to have ordained that these orations should be pronounced at the funerals of those only who have died in war, believing that one should determine who are good men solely on the basis of the valour they show at their death, even though in other respects they are without merit, 6the Romans, on the other hand, appointed this honour to be paid to all their illustrious men, whether as commanders in war or as leaders in the civil (p57) administration they have given wise counsels and performed noble deeds, and this not alone to those who have died in war, but also to those who have met their end in any manner whatsoever, believing that good men deserve praise for every virtue they have shown during their lives and not solely for the single glory of their death.